1. Abawi, F. 1989. Velvetbeans: an alternative to improve small farmer's agriculture. Informationcentre for Low External Input Agriculture (ILEIA) Newsletter.
5(2): 8-9.

Velvet beans/Mucuna/green manures/organic matter/mulching/cover crops

2. Abawi, G. and H.D. Thurston. 1994. Effects of organic mulches, soil amendments, and cover crops on soilborne plant pathogens and their root diseases. . pp. 89-99. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How Farmers Use It, and What Researchers Know About It.. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ. Ithaca, NY., Ithaca, NY.

effects of organic mulches, soil amendments, and cover crops on soilborne plant pathogens and their root diseases, organic matter, biological control, mulching,

3. Abdul-Baki, A., J.R. Teasdale, and C. Prince. Year. Winter annual legumes as mulches in vegetable productionMid-Atlantic Vegetable Workers' Conference. Univ. of Delaware:

hairy vetch, slash/mulch, tomato, organic matter, polyethelyne mulch, HDT File

4. Abdul-Baki, A. and J.R. Teasdale. 1993. A no-tillage tomato production system using hairy vetch and subterranean clover mulches. HortScience.
28(2): 106-108.

Abstract. A novel approach is described for using two winter annual legumes-hairy vetch (Vicia villosa L. Roth.) and "Mt. Barker" subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) as cover crops and plant mulches in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) production. The approach calls for sowing the cover crops in the fall in prepared beds, mowing the cover crops with a high-speed flail mower immediately before transplanting the tomato seedlings into the field in early May, and then transplanting the seedlings into the beds with minimal interruption of the soil or mulch cover. Plants in the vetch treatment with no tillage produced a higher yield than those grown under black polyethylene, paper, or no mulch in conventional systems. Both plant mulches delayed fruit maturity by about 10 days relative to black polyethylene mulch. The proposed approach eliminates tillage, reduces the need for applying synthetic fertilizers and herbicides, and is adapted to large and small-scale tomato production in a low-input, no-tillage system. It also may be used to produce other vegetables. hairy vetch, slash/mulch, tomato, organic matter, paper mulch, polyethelyne mulch

5. Abdul-Baki, A.A. and J.R. Teasdale. 1994. Sustainable production of fresh-market tomates with organic mulches. U.S.D.A., Farmers' Bull. FB-2279, Washington, D.C. 10 pp.

Beds are established and used for 2-3 years. Hairy vetch produces 3,000 to 5,000 pounds of dry matter/acre and fices 100-200 llbs. of N/acre (plus other nutrients) - enough for tomato crop without additonal fertilizer. Use a high-speed flail mower to mulch the vetch. Tomates planted mechanically or by hand in small areas - into mulch. "This no-tillage system with a winter-annual cover crop has consistently yielded greater total fruit than traditional bare soil or black polyethylene mulch treatments. It eliminates the use of preemergence herbicides, nitrogen fertilizer, and polyethylene mulches, resulting in economic savings and environmental conservation. By reducing tillage and adding a cover crop, it builds soil quality and contributes to the sustainability of production for future generations." hairy vetch, slash/mulch, tomato, organic matter, polyethelyne mulch, cover crop,

6. Abdul-Baki, A.A. and J.R. Teasdale. Year. Establishment and yield of sweet corn and snap beans in a hairy vetch mulchFouth National Symposium on Stand Establishment of Horticultural Crops. Monterey, California: Dept. of Vegetable Crops, Davis, CA.

yields in mulch similar to that in conventional systems hairy vetch, slash/mulch, maize, snap beans, organic matter, polyethelyne mulch, cover crop, HDT File

7. Acland, J.D. 1971. East African Crops. Longman, London. 252 pp.

East Africa, crops, tropical crops, rotations, ridges, raised, soils, shade, disease, insects, mulches, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda. mulches

8. Acosta, N., et al. 1991. Crop rotation systems and population levels of nematodes. J. Agric., Univ. Puerto Rico.
75: 399-405.

Crop rotation systems, population levels of nematodes, mucuna, velvet bean , root knot, maize, tomatoes, mucuna rotation, controls nematodes, disease, green manure, cover crops, mulch

9. Adams, J.E. 1966. Influence of mulches on runoff, erosion and soil moisture depletion. Soil Sci. Soc. America Proc.
30: 110-114.

mulches, runoff, erosion, soil moisture depletion.

10. Agboola, A. and G.E. Udom. 1967. Effects of weeding and mulching on the response of late maize to fertilizer treatments. Nigerian Agricultural J.
4: 69-72.

The yields of maize were doubled with mulching compared to the no mulch treatment weed control, maize, mulching, Nigeria S17 N68

11. Aguilar, J. 1982. Técnicas tradicionales de cultivo. Arbol, Mexico, D. F. 120 pp.

slash and burn, milpa, maize, chinampas, rotation, mounds, hilling, bean/maiz, mulch, doblando la mazorca

12. Aguilar, H., A. Haüserman, and M. Zantúa. 1989. Coberturas vivas de frijol de abono. Paginas Divulgativas de FHIA (Fundación Hondureña de Investigación Agricola).
7(Marzo 1989): 1-4.

velvetbean, mucuna, cover crop, slash/mulch, Honduras, FHIA

13. Akobundu, I.O. 1980. Live mulch: a new approach to weed control and crop production in the tropics (Arachis repens, Centrosema pubescens, wild winged bean, Psophocarpus palustris, Nigeria). pp. 377-382. In: C. Wheeler, J. Holroyd (eds.) Proceedings of the 1980 British Crop Protection Conference - Weeds, (15th British Weed Control Conference), 17-20 Nov. 1980, Brighton. UK.
Nigeria, weeds, live mulches, wild peanut, wing bean,

14. Akobundu, I.O. 1982. Live mulch crop production in the tropics In World Crops. pp. 125-126 and 144-145.

Live mulch crop production in the tropics, slash mulch,

15. Akobundu, I.O. and A.E. Deutsch. Year. No-tillage Crop Production in the TropicsNo-tillage Crop Production in the Tropics. Corvallis, USA: International Plant Protection Center, Oregon State Univ.

No-till/minimum tillage/mulching

16. Akobundu, I.O. 1984. Advances in live mulch crop production in the tropics. Proc. Western Soc. of Weed Science.
37: 51-57.

Live mulch (Psophocarpus palustris Desv.) eliminated weeding. Mulching/green manure/no-till/minimum tillage/cover crops

17. Akobundu, I.O. 1993. Integrated weed management techniques to reduce soil degredation. IITA Research.
(6. March 1993): 11-16.

weeds, soil erosion, soil management, alley cropping, cover crops, living (live) mulch,

18. Alcorn, J.B. 1990. Indigenous agroforestry strategies meeting farmer's needs . pp. 141-151. In: Anderson, A. B. (ed.) Alternatives to deforestation: steps towards sustainable use of the Amazon rain forest. Columbia University Press, New York., New York.

indigenous agriculture, traditional, Mexico, Huastec Maya, slash and burn, mulch, homegarden, agroforestry,

19. Alemán, R. and M. Flores. 1993. Algunos datos sobre Canavalia ensiformis. Some data about Canavalia (Canavalia ensiformis) In . CIDICCO.
Canavalia, cover crops/green manures, mulch MBA (from Honduras). 1 copy in English and 1 in Spanish

20. Alfaro, R. and H. Waaijenberg. 1991. A time-proven way of growing beans. ILEIA Newsletter.
7(1&2): 33.

frijol tapado, slash/mulch, Costa Rica, beans, maize, Colocasia esculenta also grown in system, Minimum tillage, tapado, beans, mulching, slash/mulch, nodulation,

21. Alfaro, R. and H. Waaijenberg. 1992. El cultivo de frijol tapado en Costa Rica: un resumen de investigaciones, 1978-1991. CATIE-MAG-UAW. Informe Tecnico CATIE No. 190, Turrialba, Costa Rica. 12 pp.

El cultivo de frijol tapado en Costa Rica: un resumen de investigaciones, 1978-1991, covered beans, Minimum tillage, Costa Rica, Central America, web blight, Rhizoctonia solani, Thanatephorus cucumeris, fungi, mulching, slash/mulch, organic matter, organic amendments, fertilizer,

22. Alfaro Monge, R. 1994. Improving the frijol tapado system . pp. 209-214. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.
Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How farmers use it, and what researchers know about it. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.

Improving the frijol tapado system, beans, Costa Rica, minimum tillage, Central America, mulching, Costa Rica, slash/mulch

23. Allen, B.J. 1985. Dynamics of fallow successions and introduction of robusta coffee in shifting cultivation areas in the lowlands of Papua New Guinea. Agroforestry Systems.
3: 227-238.

Mulching/fallow successions/robusta coffee/shifting cultivation/lowlands of Papua New Guinea/Asia/slash and burn/fire/heat/rotations/diversity Mulch of leaves of Pommetia tree for yams

24. Altieri, M.A. 1987. Agroecology: The Scientific Basis of Alternative Agriculture. Westview Press, Boulder, CO. 227 pp.

Multiple Cropping/diversity/Agroecology/ Alternative Agriculture/sustainable, ecology, cover cropping and mulching, pest management,

25. Alvarado, A., O.A. Navarro, and L.U. Lorio. 1994. Low input technology for the fertilization of beans in the tapado system. . pp. 179-189. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.
Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How farmers use it, and what researchers know about it. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.

Low input technology for the fertilization of beans in the tapado system, frijol tapado, minimum tillage, Central America, mulching, digging stick, Costa Rica

26. Amador, M. 1995. Reflexiones socioeconomicos del frijol tapado: la experiencia de los agricultores de Acosta y Coto Brus In . CEDECO.
Costa Rica, Beans, socio-economic aspects, slash/mulch HDT file

27. Anderson, J.M. and M.J. Swift. 1983. Decomposition in tropical forests In Sutton, S. L., T. C. Whitmore and A. C. Chadwick. (eds.) Tropical rain forest; ecology and management . Blackwell, Oxford, UK.

"Alternative solutions are required for areas of the tropics employing planned manipulation of decompositon and nutrient release such as mulching, mixed cropping, and other litter resource management techniques", discusses measurement of decomposition, Decomposition, tropical forests, litter, slash and burn, termites

28. Andrews, K.L. 1987. La importancia de las babosas veronicéllidos en Centroamerica. CEIBA.
28: 149-153.

babosas veronicéllidos, slugs, Central American, mulches, losses, part of a conferences on slugs with CATIE, slash/mulch

29. Anon. 1989. A successful technology for small farmers In International Agricultural Development. 18-19.

sunhemp, Crotalaria ochroleuca, tropical legume, mulching, planted between bananas, citrus, and coconut and, when cut, provides good mulch,

30. Araya V., R. and W.G. M. 1986. El sistema de frijol tapado en Costa Rica. In .
frijol tapado, minimum tillage, tapado, web blight, Rhizoctonia solani, Thanatephorus cucumeris, fungi, beans, mulching, slash/mulch HDT file

31. Araya V., R. and W. Gonzalez. 1987. El frijol bajo el sistema tapado en Costa Rica. Ciudad Univ., Rodrigo Facio, San José, Costa Rica. 272 pp.

Minimum tillage/tapado/web blight/
Rhizoctonia solani/Thanatephorus cucumeris/fungi/beans/mulching/slash/
mulch

32. Araya V., R. and W. Gonzalez M. 1994. The history and future of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown under the slash/mulch system ("tapado") in Costa Rica . pp. 11-17. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How Farmers Use It, and What Researchers Know About It. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.,
frijol tapado, slash/mulch, Costa Rica, history of system, beans, erosion, weeds

33. Archer, W.A. 1937. Exploration of the Choco Intendancy of Colombia. Sci. Monthly.
44: 418-434.

Describes slash/mulch. Chocó. Balboa ascended the Rio Atrato in 1511. He and other Spainards attracted by gold in Chocó, nothing found on agriculture

34. Arellanes, P. 1994. Factors influencing the adoption of hillside agriculture technologies in Honduras In . M. Sc. Thesis. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
slash/mulch, mucuna, velvet bean, economics, Honduras, green manure/cover crops, organic matter, mulching, organic amendments,

35. Arevalo-Mendez, I. 1994. The assessment and development of sustainable hillside conservation technology for small farms in Central America In . Loughborough Univ. of Technology, Dept. of Geography, UK.
weed control, cover crops, green manure, Guinope, Honduras, Zamorano, tropical rainforest degredation, soil erosion, soil conservation, mulching, green manures, cover crops, mucuna, velvet bean, Canavalia, Dolichos (lablab bean), maize,

36. Arévalo R., J. and J. Jimenez Osornio. 1988. Nescafe (Stizolobium pruriens (L.) Medic. var. utilis Wall ex Wight) como un ejemplo de experimentacion campesina en el tropico humedo Mexicano In Cuatro estudios sobre sistemas tradicionales S. Del Amo R., Editor. Instituto Nacional Indigenista, Mexico, D.F., Mexico.

Experimentation by traditional farmers/nescafe/Stizolobium pruriens/organic matter/green manure/rotations/Mexico/Central America/Mucuna/Velvet bean/mulching/Farmer experimentation, green manure/cover crops

37. Arias, F. and M. Amador. Year. Frijol tapado, un sistema ventajoso para el pequeño agricultor. In: M. Bolaños Arquin and I.B. Arquin. I Simposio Sobre Tecnologia Apropiada y Agricultura Biologica Para un Desarrollo Rural Alternativo. San José, Costa Rica.: CICDAA, COPROALDE, Univ. Costa Rica.

frijol tapado, minimum tillage, tapado, web blight, Rhizoctonia solani, Thanatephorus cucumeris, fungi, beans, slash/mulch, less problem with insect (Diabrotica) in tapado system, slugs a problem (Vaginulus spp.), 85% of beans in Costa Rica are from small farmers (campesinos) according to the Agricultural Census of 1984, mulching, 65% of beans in Costa Rica are from frijol tapado

38. Ayanlaja, S.A. and J.O. Sanwo. 1991. Management of soil organic matter in the farming systems of the low land humid tropics of West Africa. A review. Soil Technology.
4(3): 265-277.

Soil organic matter is the key to successful and sustained productivity of soils of the tropics. This is because soil organic matter positively affects structure, aggregation, porosity, microbial activity, pore size distribution and water retention capacity of the soil. Furthermore, soil organic matter is the major nutrient storage site for the low-activity-clay soils of the tropics and so affect nutrient retention capacity, availability and mobility of macro- and micro-nutrients. It increases the water use efficiency, and therefore attenuate runoff and erosion and consequently the productivity of the soil. soil organic matter, soil amendments, mulches, erosion, slash and burn, runoff, S 590 S 695

39. Baars, B. 1993. Mycorrhizae. Beneficial or parasymbiont. Its relation to crop decline in shifting cultivation. Foundation for Ecodevelopment, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 48 pp.

Mycorrhizae, fungi, slash and burn, shifting, rainforests, tropical forests, agroforestry, mulching, slash/mulch, litter, alley cropping, soil fertility, organic matter

40. Baker, K.F. and R.J. Cook. 1974. Biological Control of Plant Pathogens. Freeman, San Francisco. 433 pp.

Flooding/paddy/rice/mulching

41. Bandy, D.E. and P.A. Sanchez. 1981. Managed Kudzu fallow as an alternative to shifting cultivation in Yurimaguas, Peru. Agronomy Abstracts.
: p. 40.

Land which had been in fallow to (a) Kudzu for 1-5 ye or (b) a natural 25 yr forest fallow - was slashed and burned or slashed only in April 1980 and a maize/rice/groundnut succession was grown. Maize and rice grain yields were 2.1 and 2.8 t/ha respectively, after (b). After 1-3 years of fallow of (a) slashed and burned or slashed only, grain yeilds were 76 and 92%, respectively of (b).
(0472 in Robison 1992). slash/mulch/Kudzu/fallow/maize/rice/
groundnut

42. Bandy, D.E. and P.A. Sanchez, ed. 1986. Post-clearing soil management alternatives for sustained production in the Amazon. Land Clearing and Development in the Tropics, ed. R. Lal, P.A. Sanchez, andR.W. Cummings Jr. A. A. Balkema. 450 pp.: Rotterdam. pp. 347-361.

NDG on Mulching, soil management,Peru,South America, Amazon, peanuts

43. Bantilan, R.T., C.C. Bantilan, and e. al. Year. Indigofera tinctoria L. as a green manure crop in rainfed rice based cropping systems. IRRI Saturday Seminar,
Los Banos, Laguna (Philippines): IRRI Saturday Seminar,
Los Banos, Laguna (Philippines).

slash/mulch system???, green manure

44. Barreto, H. 1994. Evaluation and utilization of different mulches and cover crops for maize production in Central America. . pp. 157-167. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How Farmers Use It, and What Researchers Know About It. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.,
Evaluation and utilization of different mulches and cover crops for maize production in Central America, mucuna, velvet bean, slash/mulch, mulching, green manure/cover crops

45. Baxter, J. 1995. Chromolaena odorata. Weed for the killing or shrub for the tilling. Agroforestry Today.
7(2): 6-8.

Chromolaena odorata was once called Eupatorium odoratum, it is indigenous to Central America, rubber, oil palm and coconut plantation owners want to get rid of it as a noxious weed, using biological control to get rid of it, but it suppresses Imperata cylindrica and small farmers in Indonesia use it as a soil fertilizer. It is a good cover crop and green manure for various crops (ie. cassava and irrigated rice), Imperata cylindrica, Chromolaena odorata, bush-fallow rotation, succession, slash-and-burn, fallow period, biomass, land-use intensification, noxious weeds, mulch

46. Becker, M., J.K. Ladha, and J.C.G. Ottow. 1994. Nitrogen Losses and Lowland Rice Yield as Affected by Residue Nitrogen Release. Soil Science Society of America Journal.
58: 1660-1665.

Nitrogen/Paddy Rice/Residue Management/N-Losses/N-Cycling/Green Manure/Sesbania/Fertilizer-Use-Efficiency/mulch

47. Beer, J. 1987. Advantages, disadvantages and desirable characteristics of shade trees for coffee, cacao and tea. Agroforestry Systems.
5: 3-13.

Shade/mulching/CATIE/coffee/cacao/tea/agroforestry/multiple cropping/mixed gardens Shade trees can act as alternate hosts for diseases and insects. Gives advantages and disadvantages. Lists references on diseases/shade

48. Beingolea Ochoa, J. 1993. Utilizacion de tarwi como abono verde en el programa de Chiroqasa del norte de Potosi, Bolivia . pp. 33-40. In: Buckles, D. Gorras y Sombreros: Caminos Hacia la Colaboración entre Technicos y Campesinos. CIMMYT, Mexico.,
tarwi, Andes, green manure, guano, Bolivia, organic matter, high altitude, lupine, mulch

49. Bellows, B.C. 1992. Sustainability of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Farming on Steep Lands in Costa Rica: An Agronomic and Socio-Economic Assessment. In . Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. of Florida, Gainesville. 232 pp.
Sustainability of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) farming on steep lands in Costa Rica: an agronomic and socio-economic assessment. slash/mulch, frijol tapado, minimum tillage, tapado, mulching, frijol espeque (dibble stick system), web blight,

50. Bellows, B. 1994. Frijol tapado, frijol espeque, and labranza zero: a socioeconomic and agroecological comparison of bean production methods in Costa Rica. . pp. 115-128. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How Farmers Use It, and What Researchers Know About It. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.,
Frijol tapado, frijol espeque, and zero tillage: a socioeconomic and agroecological comparison of bean production methods in Costa Rica, slash/mulch, minimum tillage, Central America, mulching, digging stick,

51. Bhatti, H.M., M. Yasin, and M. Rashid. Year. Evaluation of Sesbania Green Manuring in Rice-Wheat Rotation. In: K.A. Malik, S.H.M. Naqvi, andM.I.H. Aleem. Nitrogen and the Environment. Lahore, Pakistan: Ghulami Printers.

Nitrogen Balance Sheets/Nitrogen Budgets/Mineralization/Nitrogen Fertilizers/Green Manures/Rice/Crop Rotation/Wheat/Sesbania/mulch (03) Ayub Agricultural Research Institute (08) Ed.S (13) Lahore, Pakistan

52. Bin, J. 1983. Utilization of Green Manure for Raising Soil Fertility in China. Soil Science.
135(1): 65-69.

China/Green Manure/Traditional Agriculture/mulch

53. Birchfield, W. and F. Bistline. 1956. Cover crops in relation to the burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis. Plant Disease Reporter.
40: 398-399.

burrowing nematodes/biological control/trap crops/nematodes/cover crops/mulch Crotalaria spp. were immune to Radopholus similis and thus recommended as a green manure for cleared and fumigated spreading decline (citrus) plantations. C. spectabilis, C. striata, Radopholus similis

54. Blanco, J. and L. Hilje. 1995. Efecto de coberturas al suelo sobre la abundancia de Bemisia tabaci y la incidencia de virosis en tomate. Manejo Integrado de Plagas.
(No. 35): 1-10.

30 day old tomatoes in trays were protected by a fine net; Treatments were silver plastics, dark green plastic, weeds, mucuna, cinquillo (Drymaria cordata) and a control. "All covers, except green plastic, reduced adult abundance and delayed the incidence of virosis, with respect to the control." mucuna, cover crops, green manures, white flies, virus in tomatoes, mulch

55. Bolaños Arquín, M. and I.B. Arquín, ed. 1991. Memoria. I Simposio sobre Tecnologia Apropiada y Agricultura Biologica para un Desarolla Rural Alternativo. COPROALDE. Univ. de Costa Rica: San José. 208 pp.

appropriate technology, agricultural biology, alternative rural agricultural development, frijol tapado, velvet beans, azolla, diseases and insects of crops in Costa Rica, potatoes, pesticides, solar energy, organic pesticides, slash/mulch, green manure/cover crops HDT file

56. Borel, E. and P. Pélegrin. 1951. La culture du bananier au Cameroun. Fruits.
6: 421-427.

Banana culture in Cameroon used the same slash/mulch system that was used in Central America, plantations established from tropical forest, slashed understory and planted bananas, after establishment, felled trees

57. Bornemisza, E. and A. Alvarado. 1975. Soil Management in Tropical America. University Consortium on Soils of the Tropics by the Soil Science Dept., North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N. C. and CIAT, Cali, Colombia. 565 pp.

Soil Management in Tropical America, cover crops, green manures, organic matter, tillage, mulch

58. Borst, G. 1986. Observations on a biological root rot control trial in the Fallbrook Area. California Avocado Society Yearbook, 70: , pp 107-110.

Root rot/fungi Mulching controls Phytophthora cinnamoni

59. Boucher, D.H., et al. 1983. Out-of-season planting of grain legumes as green manure for a tropical raised-field agro-ecosystem. Biol. Agric. and Hort.
1: 127-133.

hilling/raised bed/organic matter/green manure/fertilizer/Central America/diversity/selection/cover crops, mulch Used bean and cowpeas as green manure which suppressed weeds. 'Water hyacinth is capable of producing about 1 kg/m2 dry matter biomass, averaging about 1% nitrogen, every 3 months, which means that in theory the canals could supply the platforms with 400 kg/hectare of nitrogen each year.' Hyacinth has 96% water content, chinampas in Nacajuca

60. Bouldin, D.R. 1988. Effect of green manure on soil organic matter content and nitrogen availability. . In: International Rice Research Institute, ed., Green manure in rice farming: Proceedings of a symposium on sustainable agriculture. IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines. pp. 151­164., Los Banos, Philippines.

green manure on soil organic matter content and nitrogen availability, green manures may contribute (over 100 kg N per ha annually?) rice, organic matter, cover crops, nitrogen, mulch

61. Bowen, W.T. 1987. Estimating the nitrogen contribution of legumes to succeeding maize on an oxisol in Brazil In . Ph.D. Thesis. Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. 178 pp.
Brazil, green manures, organic matter, mulch

62. Bowen, W.T., et al. 1988. Screening legume green manures as nitrogen sources to succeding non-legume crops. I. The fallow method. Plant and Soil.
111: 75-80.

Screening legume green manures as nitrogen sources to succeding non-legume crops/fallow method/organic amendments, organic matter, mulch, Brazilian Cerrado , maize, velvet bean, mucuna, oxisols, green manure/cover crops, mulch S583 P71

63. Bradley, P. and P. Dewees., ed. 1991. Indigenous woodlands, agricultural production and household economy in the communal areas. pp. 63-137. In: Bradley, P. N. and K. McNamara. Living With Trees. Policies for Forestry Management in Zimbabwe. World Bank Tech. Paper No. 210. World Bank, Washington, D. C.: Washington, D. C.
mulch, traditional agroforestry, leaf litter, Zimbabwe, manure, erosion, conservation,

64. Brass, L.J. 1941. Stone age agriculture in New Guinea. Geogr. Rev.
31: 555-569.

Dani of Baliem Valley, West Irian, New Guinea found in 1938 by Archbold Expedition. Raised fields in New Guinea "are made, instead, to get at the rich black swamp deposits and virgin alluvial material of subsurface levels, which, when spread over the impoverished topsoil, bring a new lease on life to the land." "But the procedure, as observed, is first to cover the ground with a mattress of cut grass, then to heap the excavated materials on this in a bed 12-15 inches thick." (p. 569) Excellent pictures Asia/mulching/organic matter/hilling

65. Brewbaker, J.L. 1987. Leucaena: a multipurpose tree genus for tropical agroforestry . pp. 290-323. In: Steppler, H. A. and P. K. R. Nair. (eds.) Agroforestry: A Decade of Development. ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya.,
Leucaena, tropical agroforestry, slash/mulch, alley cropping

66. Brewbaker, J.L. 1989. Leucaena: can there be such a thing as a perfect tree? Agroforestry Today.
1(4): 4-7.

leucaena, slash/mulch, collection of 2000 accessions

67. Brewbaker, J.L. 1990. Nitrogen fixing trees . pp. 253-261. In: Werner, D. and P. Müller, ed. 1990. Fast Growing Trees and Nitrogen Fixing Trees. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart.,
Biannual lopping (slash/mulch) of leucaena in coffee plantations in Bali result in N fertilization of 30-80 kg/ha per year nitrogen fixing trees, agroforestry, green manures, shade, slash/mulch

68. Brownrigg, L.A. 1986. Al Futuro desde la Experiencia: Los Pueblos Indigenas y el Manejo del Medio Ambiente. Ediciones Abya-Yala, Quito., Quito, Ecuador. 243 pp.

Management of the envrionment, Andes, Peru, Bolivia, terraces, irrigation, homegardens , slash and burn, mentions "corta y cubierta" ie. slash/mulch (p. 97), but no details, potatoes, high altitude traditional agriculture, mulching,

69. Buck, L.E., J.P. Lassoie, and E.C.M. Fernandes, ed. 1999. Agroforestry in Sustainable Agricultural Systems. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL. 416 pp.

agroforestry, sustainable, tropics, nutrient cycling, pest management, mulch, cropping systems, fuel,

70. Buckles, D., B. Triomphe, and G. Sain. 1988. Cover Crops in Hillside Agriculture: Farmer Innovation with Mucuna. IDRC, Ottawa, Canada.
A persistent bane of the small farm is land degradation, especially on
hillsides. In finding solutions to this problem, the farmers of northern
Honduras are at the forefront. Having been excluded from the prime coastal
lands by the elite classes and large agroindustries, these farmers have
been developing ways of managing an aggressive vining legume called
velvetbean
(Mucuna spp.) and adapting it to the needs of maize production. The
practice that they have developed over the past 20 years
both enhances productivity and conserves the resource base - a rare
combination in a hillside environment.
This book provides a comprehensive evaluation of the use of
velvetbean as a cover crop on the hillsides on northern Honduras.It sheds
light on the opportunities and constraints presented by cover crops in the
humid tropics and, perhaps most importantly, tells a story of successful
farmer innovation. green manures, cover crops, organic matter, mulching, organic amendments, velvet beans, cover crops, slash/mulch, Central
America, farmer innovation, mucuna "With the fertilizer bean, cowardly
land becomes brave."
- Teodoro Reyes, La Danta, Honduras

71. Buckles, D. and e. al. 1991. Resultados de la encuesta exploratoria sobre el uso de frijol de abono (Stizolobium deeringianum) en laderas del litoral Atlantico de Honduras. In Analysis de Los Ensayos Regionales de Agronomia, 1990 CIMMYT, Editor. Programa Regional de Maíz Para Centro America, Panamá y El Caribe. CIMMYT. 137 pp., Mexico.

In 1990 personnel of the Honduran government and CIMMYT interviewed 188 farmers from 27 farming communities in the Atlantic Coast of Honduras relative to their use of velvet bean in maize culture. Over 60% of the farmers in the region use velvet bean, which has been in use in the region for about 16 years. Advantages cited by farmers in respect to the use of velvet bean were better yields, a source of nutrients, weed control, and ease of chapeo. Control of erosion, moisture conservation, and cost reduction was mentioned by only a few farmers. Problems found with the use of velvet bean farmers mentioned were creation of a favorable environment for rats, rabbits, ants and grasshoppers. Various forms of velvet bean/maize management were found in the area. green manures, cover crops, mucuna, mulch

72. Buckles, D. 1992. Hearing the mucuna story. ILEIA Newsletter.
8(3): 30-31.

mucuna system used for 40 years Mucuna, Velvet beans, green manures/cover crops, organic matter, mulching, organic amendments, slash/mulch, Mexico, Honduras, Central America, weeds,

73. Buckles, D., ed. 1993. Gorras y Sombreros: Caminos Hacia la Colaboración entre Technicos y Campesinos. CIMMYT: Mexico, D. F. 123 pp.

green manures, cover crops, mucuna, velvet bean, campesinos, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico, Aisa, maize, Benin, Africa, Bolivia,
slash/mulch

74. Buckles, D., et al. 1994. "Cowardly land becomes brave". The use and diffusion of fertilizer bean (Mucuna deeringianum) on the hillsides of Atlantic Honduras. pp. --- In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.
Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How farmers use it, and what researchers know about it. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.
"Cowardly land becomes brave". The use and diffusion of fertilizer bean (Mucuna deeringianum) on the hillsides of Atlantic Honduras, Velvet beans, green manures, organic matter, mulching, organic amendments, slash/mulch, mucuna, organic matter, CIIFAD, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, green manures/cover crops,

75. Buckles, D. 1994. Velvetbean: A "new" plant with a history. CIMMYT Internal Document, Mexico. 21.

velvetbean, mucuna, taxonomy, history, Asia, Africa, slash/mulch, weeds, control of Imperata cylindrica, Latin America, USA, literature review, green manures, cover crops,

76. Buckles, D. and H.J. Barreto. 1994. Aumentando la sustenabilidad de los sistemas de agricultura migratoria con leguminosas de cobertura: consideraciones tecnicas y socioeconomicas . pp. 123-138. In: CIMMYT. Memoria sobre las políticas para una agricultura sustenable en la Sierra de los Tuxtulas y Santa Marta, Veracruz,
maize, rotations, cover crops, green manures, legumes, mucuna, velvet bean, extension, slash and burn, Chiapas, Mexico, conservation, erosion, intercorpping, mulch

77. Buckles, D., L. Artega, and M. Soule. 1994. Extension campesino a campesino de los abonos verdes en la Sierra de Santa Marta, Veracruz, Mexico . pp. 139-154. In: CIMMYT. Memoria sobre las políticas para una agricultura sustenable en la Sierra de los Tuxtulas y Santa Marta, Veracruz,
green manures, cover crops, picapica mansa, mucuna, velvet bean, extension to farmers, erosion, conservation, maize, Mexico, mulch

78. Buckles, D. 1994. El Frijol terciopelo: Una planta "nueva" con historia In . CIMMYT.
velvetbean, mucuna, taxonomy, history, Asia, Africa, slash/mulch, weeds, control of Imperata cylindrica, Latin America, USA, literature review, green manures, cover crops,

79. Buckles, D. 1994. Velvetbean: A "new" plant with a history. CIMMYT Internal Document, Mexico. 21.

velvetbean, mucuna, taxonomy, history, Asia, Africa, slash/mulch, weeds, control of Imperata cylindrica, Latin America, USA, literature review, green manures/cover crops,

80. Buckles, D. 1995. Velvetbean: a "new" plant with a history. Econ. Botany.
49(1): 13-25.

velvetbean, mucuna, taxonomy, history, Asia, Africa, slash/mulch, weeds, control of Imperata cylindrica, Latin America, USA, literature review, green manures/cover crops,

81. Buckles, D. and H. Perales. 1995. Farmer-based experimentation with velvetbean: innovation within tradition. CIMMYT Internal Document, Mexico, D. F. 22 pp.

velvetbean, mucuna, history, Mexico, Latin America, green manures, cover crops, farmer participation, innovation, mulch

82. Buckles, D., B. Triomphe, and G. Sain. 1998. Cover Crops in Hillside Agriculture
Farmer Innovation with Mucuna. IDRC/CIMMYT, Ottawa, Canada. 230 pp.

A persistent bane of the small farm is land degradation, especially on hillsides. In finding solutions to this problem, the farmers of northern Honduras are at the forefront. Having been excluded from the prime coastal lands by the elite classes and large agroindustries, these farmers have been developing ways of managing an aggressive vining legume called velvetbean (Mucuna spp.) and adapting it to the needs of maize production. The practice that they have developed over the past 20 years both
enhances productivity and conserves the resource base - a rare combination in a hillside environment.
This book provides a comprehensive evaluation of the use of velvetbean as a cover crop on the hillsides on northern Honduras. It sheds light on the opportunities and constraints presented by cover crops in the humid tropics and, perhaps most
importantly, tells a story of successful farmer innovation mucuna, velvet bean, cover crops, green manure, mulch, Honduras, farmer innovation http://www.idrc.ca/books/focus/841/

83. Buckles, D., et al., ed. 1998. Cover Crops in West Africa Contributing to Sustainable Agriculture

Plantes de couverture en Afrique de l'Ouest
Une contribution à l'agriculture durable. IDRC/IITA/SG2000 1998, ISBN 0-88936-852-X,: Ottowa, Canada. 318 pp.

cover crops, green manures, legumes, mucuna, W. Africa, sustainability, mulch

84. Buckley, G.P., ed. 1992. Ecology and management of coppice woodlands. Chapman and Hall: New York. 336 pp.

nothing on tropics or mulching coppice, coppicing, pruning, pollarding, temperate forests

85. Budowski, G. 1983. An attempt to quantify some current agroforesty practices in Costa Rica. In Plant Research and Agroforestry P.A. Huxley, Editor. ICRAF, 617 pp., Nairobi.

current agroforesty practices in Costa Rica, taungya, Erythrina, poro, slash/mulch, laurel (Cordia alliodora), cedro, sustainable, taungya

86. Budowski, G. 1989. Developing the Chocó Region of Colombia . In: Browder, J. O. Fragile Lands of Latin America. Strategies for Sustainable Development. Westview Press. 301 pp., Boulder, CO.

Chocó Region of Colombia, agroforestry, diversity, palms, suggests that food production be concentrated on alluvial river banks, NOTHING on slash/mulch

87. Budowski, G. 1993. The scope and potential of agroforestry in Central America. Agroforestry Systems.
23: 121-131.

poró, Erythrina, Inga, Gliricidia, coffee, Costa Rica, shade, pruning, slash/mulch

88. Bunch, R. 1986. What we have learned to date about green manure crops for small farmers. In . World Neighbors, Oklahoma City, OK.
green manure crops for small farmers, organic matter/organic amendments, mulch/green manure crops/cover crops HDT file

89. Bunch, R. Year. The potential of intercropped green manures in Third World Villager agriculture.Conference on the Socio-Economics of Organic Agriculture. Hamstead Marshall, UK.: International Federation of Organic Agricultural Movements.

Velvet Bean (Mucuna pruriens or Stizlobium spp.), Lablab bean (Dolichos lablab), Jack beans (Canavalia ensiformis) choreque (Lathyrus nigrivalvis), Crotalaria, Bauhinia spp. (dry areas)/can reduce weeding (eliminate nut grass and imperata), tarwi, (Lupinus) can fix 400 kg N/Ha, velvet bean eliminates nut grass and imperata, 2 crops/yr @ 2 T/Ha maize in Honduras, v bean gives 15 t/ha green matter, coffee, cake, choc from v. beans, v. bean costs $.80/ 100 lb. maiz, jack bean in dry areas, animals won't eat jack bean & if leaf-cutter ants takes jack bean to nest it kills them intercropped green manures/cover crops/mucuna/velvet beans/organic amendments/organic matter/mulch, traditional systems/organic amendments, mulch Xerox. HDT file

90. Bunch, R. 1990. Low input soil restoration in Honduras: the Cantarranas farmer-to-farmer extension programme . Gatekeeper Series 23, London. IIED,
Low input soil restoration in Honduras: the Cantarranas farmer-to-farmer extension programme/mucuna/velvet bean, green manures/cover crops, mulch

91. Bunch, R. Year. Sustainable agriculture on Central American hillsides: Opportunities for interinstitutional collaborationSustainable Agriculture on the Hillsides of Central America. Opportunities for Interinstitutional Collaboration. Cali, Colombia.: CIAT, Cali, Colombia.

Green manure crops require little investment and can grow in marginal soils under minimum tillage, intercropped with maize, use Canavalia ensiformis and Stizolobium spp. "The green manure crops develop well in poor soils, produce more tha 35 t/ha, prevent weed growth, reduce tillage practices by 75%, and can fix up to 150 kg N/ha." Mucuna, Nescafe, organic matter, green manures/cover crops, rotations, Honduras, Yucatan, Velvet bean, organic amendments, mulch,

92. Bunch, R. 1993. The use of green manures by villager farmers: what we have learned to date. In .
mucuna, velvet bean, slash/mulch, organic amendments, matter, lablab bean, green manures/cover crops,

93. Bunch, R. 1993. What we have learned to date about green manure crops for small farmers. In . CIDICCO, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
green manure crops for small farmers, can provide 200 kg/ha N, can add 30 t/ha organic matter to soil, fodder for animals, composts take too much labor, organic matter/organic amendments, mulch/green manure crops/cover crops, fodder for animals, erosion, compost, labor, Canavalia ensiformis (Jackbean), velvetbean, mucuna, lablab, Canavalia gladiata (sword bean), weed control HDT file

94. Bunch, R. 1993. El trabajo de EPAGRI en el estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil (The work of EPAGRI in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil) In .
Description of his trip to Santa Catarina to visit the work of EPAGRI with cover crops/green manures. Being widely used for 15 years as live or slashed mulch with a variety of crops. They are working with 60 different cover crops/green manures including velvet bean, canavalia, dolicos, cowpea, white clover, and a lupine. Cover crops/green manures are not incorporated into the soil, but rather slashed and left to cover the the soil. Bunch considers their methodology and the principles for using the crops/green manures. 3000 to 4000 (possibly double that number ) farm families are using the technology. He states in the report that in the Southeast of Paraguay, "un hongo arrasó con dos de las cuatro especies de frijol terciopelo que estaban en uso alli." ( A fungus demolished two of the four species of velvet bean that were in use there). cover crops, Brazil, green manures cover crops, Brazil, green manures, HDT file

95. Bunch, R. 1994. The potential of slash/mulch for relieving poverty and environmental degredation . pp. 5-9 In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How Farmers Use It, and What Researchers Know About It. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.,
slash/mulch, poverty, World Neighbors, mucuna, velvet bean, green manure, lab lab, Canavalia, scarlet runner bean, jack bean, erosion, extension, green manures/cover crops,

96. Bunch, R. 1994. El uso de abonos verdes por agricultores campesinos: Lo que hemos aprendido hasta la fecha/ The use of green manures by villager farmers: what we have learned to date In . CIDICCO.
mucuna, velvet bean, slash/mulch, organic amendments, matter, lablab bean, green manures/cover crops, MBA (from Honduras). 1 copy in Spanish and 1 in English

97. Bunch, R. 1995. Principles of agriculture for the humid tropics. An odyssey of discovery. ILEIA Newsletter.
(October 1995): .

Description of principles to maximize organic matter for farmers and how it can be done Schlather, Rosemeyer, Brazil, EPAGRI, mucuna, green manures/cover crops, compost, zero tillage, "feed plants thru the mulch",

98. Bunch, R. 1995. The Use of Green Manures by Villager Farmers: What We Have Learned to Date . Technical Report No. 3, 1995, CIDICCO, Apdo. Postal 4443, Tegucigalpa MDC, Honduras C.A., e-mail cidicco@gbm.hn,
green manures, cover crops, mulch

99. Buresh, R.J., et al. 1993. Fallow and Sesbania Effects on Soil Nitrogen Dynamics in Lowland Rice-Based Cropping Systems. Agronomy Journal.
85: 316-321.

Nitrogen/Paddy Rice/Urea/Sesbania/Green Manure/Soils/Nitrogen Dynamics/Fallow/Cropping Systems/N-Cycling/Soil Nitrate, mulch

100. Buresh, R.J., et al. 1993. Fallow and Sesbania Effects on Response of Transplanted Lowland Rice to Urea. Agronomy Journal.
85: 801-808.

Nitrogen/Paddy Rice/Urea/Sesbania/Green Manure/Soils, mulch

101. Bushnell, J., C. Francis, and J.K. 1991. 1991. Design of resource efficient, environmentally sound cropping systems. Sustain. Agr.
1(4): 49-65.

Sustainable Agriculture, orgainic matter, selection, breeding, IPM, pests, animals, legumes, green manure, rotation, fallow, intercropping, multiple, policy, economics, low-input, mulch

102. Cahn, M.D., D.R. Bouldin, and M.S. Cravo. 1993. Amelioration of subsoil acidity in an oxisol of the humid tropics. Biol. Fertility Soils.
15(2): 153-159.

Brazil, maize, Zea mays, calcium-ions. cation leaching, nitrogen-fertilizers, oxisols, soil-acidity. soil-fertility, subsoil, Canavalia ensiformis, Mucuna aterrima, sequential-cropping, green manures, cover crops, mulch

103. Cahn, M.D., et al. 1993. Cation and nitrate leaching in an oxisol of the Brazilian Amazon. Agron. J.
85: 334-340.

Brazil, Amazon, maize, Zea mays, calcium-ions. cation leaching, nitrogen-fertilizers, oxisols, soil-acidity. soil-fertility, subsoil, Canavalia ensiformis, Mucuna aterrima, green manures, cover crops, mulch

104. Cairns, M. Year. Indigenous fallow management in Southeast Asia: new research exploring the promise of farmer-generated technologies to stabilize and intensify stressed swidden systemsPaper presented at the international Workshop on Green Manure­Cover Crops Systems for Smallholders in Tropical and Subtropical Regions,. 6­12 Apr, Chapeco, Santa Catarina,
Brazil. Rural Extension and Agricultural Research Institute of Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil. 14 pp.: Rural Extension and Agricultural Research Institute of Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil.

slash and burn, swidden, fire, heat, mulch

105. Calegari, A., et al. 1993. Adubacao Verde no Sul do Brasil. 2a edicao. ed. AS-PTA, Assessoria e Servicos a Projetos em Agricultura Alternativa, Rio de Janeiro.
Bunch states most of the book is on the results obtained on experiment stations green manure, cover crops, Brazil, no-till, velvet bean, mulch

106. Camino, A. and T. Johns. 1988. Laki-laki (Dennstaedtia glauca, Polypodiacaea): A green manure used in traditional Andean agriculture. Econ. Botany.
42: 45-53.

Laki-laki is a fern (grows in moist gullies, etc.) collected by Quechua farmers in Cuyo-Cuyo. Spread on soil, inocorporated into soil and often mixed with sheep manure. Ferns have high nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium levels. Used before planting potatoes organic matter/green manure/Andean/South America/mulch/Peru/Puno/CuyoCuyo

107. Campbell, B., J.M. Clarke, and D.J. Gumbo. 1991. Traditional agroforestry practices in Zimbabwe. Agroforestry Systems.
14: 99-111.

leaf litter, manure, mulch, traditional agroforestry

108. Campbell, B., I. Grundy, and F. Matose, ed. 1993. Tree and woodland resources -- the technical practices of small-scale farmers. pp 29-62. In: Bradley, P. N. and K. McNamara. Living With Trees. Policies for Forestry Management in Zimbabwe. World Bank Tech. Paper No. 210. World Bank, Washington, D. C.: Washington, D. C.
leaf litter, mulches, agroforestry, Zimbabwe, crops, harvesting wood, uses, traditional practices,

109. Cardenas-Alonso, M.R. 1989. Web blight of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) incited by Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk. in Colombia In . Ph.D Thesis, Cornell University.
Mulching/Rhizoctonia solani/Thanatephorus cucumeris/fungi/South America/beans Basidiospores important in web blight in Colombia

110. Carneiro, R.L., et al. 1985. Anthropological Investigations in Amazonia. Selected Papers. Museum of Anthropology, Univ. of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO. 115 pp.

slash/mulch (Isacsson), chococito maize, Choco, Atrato river basin, Amazon, tropical forests, Indians of the Amazon, mulching, OLIN +GN4 C69 No. 47

111. Carr, S.J. 1989. Technology for Small-Scale Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa. Experience with Food Crop Production in Five major Ecological Zones. World Bank Technical Paper No. 109. World Bank, Washington, D.C.
Technology for Small-Scale Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa. Experience with Food Crop Production in Five major Ecological Zones. Cassava, yams, millet, sorghum, rice, maize, peanuts, irrigation, slash and burn, organic matter, ridging and tying (p. 46), raised, mulch (p. 47), green manures (farmers don't want to incorporate them - too much labor p. 83), agroforestry, mulch

112. Carsky, R.J. 1989. Estimating availability of nitrogen from green manure to subsequent maize crops using a buried bad technique. In . Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.
nitrogen from green manure to subsequent maize crops, legumes, organic matter, mulch

113. Carter, W. 1969. New Lands and Old Traditions. Kekchi Cultivators in the Guatemalan Lowlands. Univ. of Florida Press, Gainesville, FL. 153 pp.

Velvet beans used as green manure, chopped up and burned. Leave 3-4 inches of dark, decayed vegetable matter (p. 118). slash and burn/fire/heat/Guatemala/
Central America/Maya/multiple cropping/diversity/Mucuna/organic matter/mulching/velvet bean/cover crops/slash/mulch, green manures/cover crops, mulch

114. Castillo, M. 1985. Some studies on the use of organic soil amendments for nematode control. Philippine Agriculturist.
68: 1-18.

Organic matter/mulching Organic material such as leaves, animal dung, rice straw can control nematodes. Sawdust and chicken manure were most consistently effective

115. Castillo, F.J. 1985. Efecto de la cobertura de tres especies de Mucuna sobre los redimientos de maiz (Zea mays L) suplementado y sin N-P-K In . Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras.
three species of mucuna, maize, N-P-K, cover crops/green manures, velvet bean, mulch MBA (From Honduras)

116. Cavallini, R. 1972. Recomendaciones para aumentar la producion de frijol tapado. Agroindustria (Costa Rica).
1(6): 18.

Minimum tillage/tapado/web blight/Rhizoctonia solani/Thanatephorus cucumeris/fungi/beans/mulching/
slash/mulch

117. Cavallini S., R.M. 1972. El frijol tapado. Agricultor Costarricense.
34(7): 275-276.

Minimum tillage/tapado/beans/Costa Rica/Central America/web blight/Rhizoctonia solani/Thanatephorus cucumeris/fungi/mulching/slash/mulch

118. Caveness, E. 1988. Observations on soil nematode population development under a Mucuna utilis fallow. In .
nematodes, velvet bean, mucuna, green manures/cover crops, mulch

119. Ceron Solarte, B. 1986. Los Awa-Kwaiker. Ediciones Abya-Yala, Quito, Ecuador. 304 pp.

Awa-Kwaiker Indians of the tropical rain forest in the State of Nariño, Colombia on the border of N. W. Ecuador, slash/mulch system, mulching,

120. Chapin, M. 1991. The practical value of ecodevelopment research . pp. 230-247. In: Oldfield, M.L. and J.B. Alcorn, eds. 1991. Biodiversity. Culture, Conservation, and Ecodevelopment. Westview: Boulder, CO. 349 pp., Boulder, CO.

Chontal, chinampas, Mexico, sustainable agriculture, traditional knowledge, Tabasco, hilling, raised, mulching, Maya

121. Chaverri, F., L.C. González, and F. Bertsch. 1993. Efecto de la aplicación de calcio y fosforo en ultisoles e inceptisoles sobre el desarrollo de la telaraña (Thanatephorus cucumeris) en frijol comun (Phaseolus vulgaris). Agron. Costarricense.
17(2): 77-86.

"plants that grew in limed soils were less susceptible to the fungus attack. The phosphorus application had a similar effect." beans, web blight, Rhizoctonia solani, frijol tapado, mulch, soils, lime, phosphorus, Ca, P2O5, Costa Rica, ultisols, inceptisols

122. Chhetri, P. and G. Burpee. 1992. Local tree outyields chemical fertilizers. ILEIA Newsletter.
8(4): 13-14.

Nepalese farmers use the leaves of a tree called asuro (Adhatoda vasic) or Malabar nut tree as a green manure for rice, potatoes, and maize. Leaves are chopped and applied to field where they decompose prior to planting. Also control termites. green manure/ Nepal, mulch

123. CIAT. 1991. Sustainable Agriculture on the Hillsides of Central America. Opportunities for Interinstitutional Collaboration. CIAT, Cali, Colombia. 43 pp.

Sustainable Agriculture on the Hillsides of Central America. Green manure, soil conservation, minimum tillage, mulch

124. CIDICCO. 1989. Use of velvetbean to control weeds. CIDICCO Cover Crop News No. 2.
: 1-4.

mucuna, velvetbean, cover crops, green manure, weeds, mulch

125. CIDICCO. 1990. Kudzu serving as a useful legume. CIDICCO Cover Crop News No. 3.
: 1-4.

mucuna, velvetbean, cover crops, green manure, kudzu, Haiti, weed control, lablab, sunhemp (Crotalaria spp.), perennial soybean, mulch

126. CIDICCO. 1991. Summary of the experience. CIDICCO Cover Crop News Newsletter No. 1.
: 1-4.

Farmers in Cortes, Honduras have been growing velvetbean for 15 years in association with maize. They get 3.2 t/ha of maize whereas yields in region are only 0.6 t/ha mucuna, velvetbean, cover crops, green manure, mulch

127. CIDICCO. 1991. Management practices to work with velvetbean. CIDICCO Cover Crop News No.
: 1-6.

Details on use of mucuna with maize in Honduras mucuna, velvetbean, cover crops, green manure, slash/mulch, weeds, control of Imperata cylindrica

128. CIDICCO. 1991. Lablab bean use. CIDICCO Cover Crop News No. 4.
: .

lablab interplanted with maize, feed for animals, Honduras cover crops, green manure, maize, Dolichos lablab, mulch

129. CIDICCO. 1991. The use of velvetbean to control weeds/
el uso del frijol terciopelo para controlar malezas In Cover Crops News. 4.

mucuna, velvetbean, cover crops, green manure, weeds, mulch MBA (from Honduras). One copy in English and one in Spanish

130. CIDICCO. 1992. The utilization of legumes in traditional high altitude farming systems. CIDICCO Cover Crop News No. 6.
6(May 1992): 1-8.

legumes, cover crops, green manures, scarlet runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus), sweet clover, Vicia villosa (ebo), Vicia faba, broad bean, choreque (Lathyrus nigrivalis), mulch

131. CIDICCO. 1992. The use of velvetbean (Mucuna spp.) as cover crop in citrus plantations In . CIDICCO, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
controls erosion, maintains humidity, and controls weeds legumes, cover crops, green manures, mucuna, citrus, FHIA, Honduras, weeds, mulch

132. CIDICCO. 1992. La utilización de leguminosas en sistemas agrícolas tradicionales de regiones de altura In Cover Crop News. 8.

legumes, cover crops, green manures, scarlet runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus), sweet clover, Vicia villosa (ebo), Vicia faba, broad bean, choreque (Lathyrus nigrivalis), mulch MBA (from Honduras). One copy in English and one in Spanish

133. CIDICCO. 1993. The utilization of velvetbean as a source of food. CIDICCO Technical Report No. 8.
: 1-4.

levadopa is found in velvetbean and if too much is consumed it can cause sickness, nausea, vomiting, etc., skins should be removed and beans roasted or cooked legumes, cover crops, green manures, mucuna, L-dopa, levadopa, mulch

134. CIDICCO. 1993. Siembra de leguminosas. CIDICCO Technical Report No. 6.
: 1-4.

legumes, cover crops, green manures, mucuna, planting cover crops, maize, lablab, Canavalia ensiformis, mulch

135. CIDICCO. 1994. The use of legume cover crops in orchards (based on the San Alejo plantation's experience with oil palm) / La utilización de leguminosas de cobertura en plantaciones perennes. (Basado en las experiencias de la plantación de palma africana en San Alejo). Cover Crop News.
(7): 6.

cover crops, green manures, oil palm, mulch MBA (from Honduras). One copy in English and one in Spanish.

136. CIDICCO. 1995. The use of Gliricidia sepium as cover/shade-tree in coffee plantations (based on experiences of coffee growers in Copán, Honduras). Cover Crop News.
8: 1-8.

beans are planted in a mulch of Gliricidia by farmers in state of Lempira, Honduras Gliricidia sepium, mata raton, madriado, coffee, shade, slash/mulch, jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis), wild peanut (Arachis pintoi), bananas and pigeon peas for shade, Inga, fences and fence posts,

137. CIMMYT. 1994. Memoria sobre las políticas para una agricultura sustenable en la Sierra de los Tuxtulas y Santa Marta, Veracruz. CIMMYT, SARH et al., Mexico. 168 pp.

maize, rotations, cover crops, green manures, legumes, mucuna, velvet bean, extension, slash and burn, Chiapas, Mexico, conservation, terraces, live barriers, erosion, mulch

138. Clarke, W.D. 1966. From extensive to intensive shifting cultivation. Ethnology.
5: 347-359.

slash and burn, slash/mulch, fire, New Guinea, mulch, people of the Nduimba basin and the Kompai people also use both slash and burn and slash/mulch, minimum tillage,

139. Cochrane, T.T. and P.A. Sanchez. 1982. Land resources, soils and their management in the Amazon region: a state of knowledge report . In: Hecht, S. B. (ed.) Amazonia: Agriculture and Land Use Research. CIAT Series 03E (82) CIAT, Cali, Colombia. 428 pp,
Land resources, soils and their management in the Amazon region, climate subregions, soil geography, flood plains, slash and burn, ash, nutrient contribution of ash, intensive continuous crop production - Yurimaguas, low input continuous crop production - Yurimaguas, one strateguy investigated was "the use of kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides) as mulch or green manure. Kudzu mulch or green manure produced yields of soybeans, peanuts, cowpeas and upland rice on the order of 80 to 90 percent of that acheived in heavily fertilized plots without organic additions for five continuous crops."

140. Coe, H.S. 1918. Origin of the Georgia and Alabama varieties of velvet bean. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy.
12: 175­179.

mucuna, cover crop, green manure, mulch

141. Coe, M.D. 1964. The chinampas of Mexico. Sci. Am.
211(1): 90-98.

First chinampas date back 2000 years. Similar to fens of eastern England and the polders of Holland. Chinampas 300 feet long and 15-30 feet wide. Water vegetation dragged to chinampas. Use seed nursery for all crops except maize. Cut mud into blocks called chapines and plant seed. Each seedling transplanted in its own chapin. Diversity of crops (p. 95). Whoever built Teotihuacán created the chinampas. Supported population of 100,000 to 700,000 in Aztec capital. hilling, raised, mulching

142. Coe, M.D. and R.A. Diehl. 1980. In the Land of the Olmec. The People and the River. 2: Univ. of Texas Press, Austin, TX. 198.

Olmec, Mexico, Papaloapan, Aztec, Chontal, tropical ecosystems, Nahuat, Nahuatl, slash and burn, slash and mulch, tapachol crop, maize, floodplain, flooding, tropical crops F1219.1 V47 C67 v.2

143. Coffey, M.D. 1984. An integrated approach to the control of avocado root rot. California Avocado Society Yearbook.
68: .

Root rot/fungi/hilling/raised beds/
mulching/North America Mounds control Phytophthora cinnamoni on avocado.

144. Columela, L.J.M. 1988. De Los Trabajos de Campo. Min. Agric., Pesca y Alimentación, ed. R.A. Holgado. Siglo XXI de España Editores, Madrid. 339 pp.

Pesticides/esca/storage/fire/heat/organic matter/manure/rotation/legumes/green manure/Spain/Romans/Europe/cover crops/book written about 60 A.D., mulch

145. Conklin, H.C. 1961. The study of shifting cultivation. Curr. Anthropol.
2: 27-61.

"Unwanted vegetation is usually burned off after it has been cut, but in the continually-drenched jungle of the Colombian Chocó, the slash-mulch cultivation of a special variety of maize excludes the use of fire." 1200 references on shifting agriculture, swidden, slash and burn. Burning/slash and burn/fire/heat/mulching/
South America/minimum tillage/
slash/mulch/fallow/rotations/
nematodes

146. Conway, G. 1997. The Doubly Green Revolution. Penguin, London, UK. 335 pp.

green revoulution, hunger, poverty, food production, pollution, envirionmental degredation, biotechnology, sustainable agriculture, IPM, nutrient management, natural resources, cover crops and green manures, food security, CGIAR, mulch

147. Cook, R.J., M.G. Boosalis, and B. Doupnik. 1978. Influence of crop residues on plant diseases. In: Am. Soc. Agron. Madison, WI. Crop Residue Management Systems. Spec. Publ. 31, . pp 147-163.

Tillage/no-tillage/minimum tillage/mulching/organic matter/organic amendments/biological control/soil/conservation tillage/sanitation

148. Cook, R.J. and K.F. Baker. 1983. The Nature and Practice of Biological Control of Plant Pathogens. Am. Phytopathol. Soc., St. Paul, MN. 539 pp.

Multiple cropping/rotations/fallow/slash and burn/fire/organic matter/organic amendments/crop residues/soil/mulching/Asia/Chinese See Chapter 2. Heat treatment by Romans. 'There is no better example than the People's Republic of China, where intercropping, mixed cropping, crop rotation, organic fertilization, intensive tillage, and flooding, among other practices that promote biological control.' (p. 438)

149. COPROALDE and CEDECO. 1991. Memoria del I Encuentro Nacional Campesino de Frijol Tapado. COPROALDE. CEDECO. Colegio Agropecuario San Ignacio de Acosta. 12-14 de Julio de 1991, San Ignacio de Acosta, Costa Rica,
Memoria of the 1st National meeing of campesinos (peasant farmers) on frijol tapado, covered beans, Minimum tillage, beans, Costa Rica, Central America, mulching, slash/mulch,

150. Cordoba y Salinas, D.d. 1957. Cronica Franciscana de las Provincias de Peru. Acad. of American Franciscan History,, Washington, DC.
p. 248. the Franciscan priest Cordoba y Salinas wrote (probably about the coast of the Choco according to Patiño) "hazen sus rozas, para coger el maiz que siembran in sus distritos como quieren, de que hacen su pan". Probably refers to slash/mulch system mulching, slash/mulch, Colombia, Choco OLIN + BX3614 P5 C79 1957

151. Costa, F.J.S.A., D.R. Bouldin, and A.R. Suhe. 1990. Evaluation of N recovery from mucuna placed on the surface or incorporated in a Brazilian oxisol. Plant and Soil.
124: 91-96.

N recovery from mucuna placed on the surface or incorporated in a Brazilian oxisol, Mucuna aterrima, organic amendments, mulch, organic matter, green manures

152. Council, N.R. 1979. Tropical Legumes: Resources for the Future. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C. 331 pp.

Tropical Legumes, organic amendments, organic matter, mulch, traditional systems, Velvet Bean (Mucuna pruriens or Stizlobium spp.), root crops, pulses, fruits, forages, agroforestry, lumber, green manures, cover crops, mulch

153. Council, N.R. 1993. Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 702 pp.

mentions slash/mulch (p. 77-78) sustainable agriculture, environment, tropics, slash and burn, tropical forests, agropastoral systems, cattle, agroforestry, plantation, Brazil, Ivory Coast, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Philippines, Zaire,

154. Crispin, A. and C.C. Gallegos. 1963. Web blight - a severe disease of beans and soybeans in Mexico. Plant Dis. Rep.
47: 1010-1011.

Minimum tillage,tapado/beans/soybeans
/Mexico/Central America/web blight/fungi/mulching/slash/mulch/
Rhizoctonia solani/Thanatephorus cucumeris

155. Crowe, T.J. 1964. Coffee leaf miner in Kenya. II - Causes of outbreaks. Kenya Coffee.
29 (June)(342): 223-231.

Leaf miners (Leucoptera meyricki and L. caffenia) were minor pests in Kenya until 1954, although a few serious outbreaks did occur earlier. Since 1954 leaf miners have become major pests in areas east of the Rift valley. The change was due to two causes. First, the general use of mulching which initially increased coffee yields. Crowe wrote "Mature caterpillers landing on mulched soil are less likely to be dessicated or captured by predaceous ants than those landing on bare soil." The second reason for the change was the increased use of copper fungicides. The reasons for this are not known, but Wellman (1961) made the same observation. Crowe added that it was interesting to note that the use of mulch increased leaf miners, but led to a decline in coffee thrips, probably due to the cooling effect of the mulch on soil. coffee leaf miner, insect, slash/mulch, copper fungicides HD 9199 K37

156. D'Arcy, W.G. 1980. Mucuna. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden.
67: 728-735.

Mucuna, Nescafe, Stizolobium pruriens, organic matter, green manure, rotations, Panama, Velvet bean, organic amendments, mulch, green manures, cover crops, mulch

157. D'Arcy, W.G. 1980. Stizolobium. (Flora of Panama). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden.
671: 768-777.

Mucuna, Nescafe, Stizolobium pruriens, organic matter, green manures, cover crops, rotations, Panama, Velvet bean, organic amendments, mulch, Panama

158. Davies, J.W. 1975. Mulching Effects on Plant Climates and Yield. Tech. Note 136. WMO 388. World Meterological Orgainization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Mulching/climate

159. Davis, W. 1996. One River : Explorations and Discoveries in the Amazon Rain Forest. Touchstone, New York. 544 pp.

p. 293-284. "The family that owned it would have begun to farm another
site -- the men working in the shade of the trees, clearing the underbrush,
planting cuttings, felling the largest trees, leaving the leaf litter on
the ground to protect the soil from the rain and sun. It was slash and
rot, as opposed to slash and burn. Rarely did the Waorani torch a field."

botany, ethnobotany, S. American tropical rain forests, hallucinogenic plants and
mushrooms, American Indians, Richard Shultes, Timothy Plowman, coca, peyote,
Colombia, Amazon, Choco, Auca, Waorani, slash and mulch, slash and rot (p. 283), traditional knowledge, shamans, Colombia, Brazil, tropical plants, South American leaf blight, rubber, slash and mulch, slash and rot,

160. De Balboa, M. 1945. Obras. Vol. 1. 1: Editorial Ecuatoriana, Quito. 451 pp.

Wrote in 1577 about trip to the province of Esmeraldas on the Pacific Coast of Ecuador (then Peru) "no hacen mas que arrojar el maiz en la montaña y cortar el monte encima y acude la cosecha: ciento por uno" = "they do no more than broadcast maize seed in the hillsides and cut the vegetation over it and collect the harvest: one hundred to one." (p. 16), description of the slash/mulch system. Olin F2231 C12 1945 V. 1

161. de Carvalho, E.F. and L.G. Tores. 1994. Manejo de malas hierbas en sistemas agroforestales de Amazona. Agroforesteria en la Americas.
Ano 1(3): 6-9.

agroforestry, weed management, weeds and legumes for mulch, Canavalia, mucuna, velvet bean, Amazonian agroforestry systems, green manures/cover crops used as live cover for weed management

162. de Freitas, V.H. 1995. Green manures, a new chance for small farmers. ILEIA Newsletter.
October 1995: .

It describes the extensive use of green manures/cover crops in Santa Catarina State in Brazil. Santa Catarina is a state of primarily small farmers and lies between south latitudes of 25 and 29 degrees. green manures/cover crops, velvet bean, Brazil, minimum tillage, no-till, crotalaria, mucuna, jack bean (Canavalia), pigeon pea, mulch

163. De Jesus Huz, M. 1994. El uso de la Canavalia ensiformis y otras leguminosas como coberturas muertas en la agricultural Yucateca (The use of Canavalia ensiformis and other leguminous species as mulches for farming in the Yucatan.) . pp. 207-208. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.
Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How farmers use it, and what researchers know about it. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.

area only has 600-700 mm rain/year, after the maize harvest in Dec. or Jan. the Canavalia is left to cover the soil during the dry period. In April or May, the Canavalia is slashed and left of the surface of the soil. In June the maize is planted with a digging stick or in rows. Using this system, maize yields which were 600 kg/ha have recently risen to 2600 kg/ha. in a field with the maize/sword bean system. There is a problem with a worm attacking 50% the sword beans, but this is not a problem as all of the seed is rarely needed. The use of Canavalia ensiformis and other legumes as as slash/mulch cover crops in Yucatan agriculture, sword bean, mucuna, velvet bean, mulching, minimum tillage, Mexico, green manures

164. De la Cruz, R. 1994. The usefulness of weed diversity in slash/mulch bean production: difficulties in herbicide use. . pp. 233-234. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.
Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How farmers use it, and what researchers know about it. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.

The utility of the diversity of weeds in frijol tapado. Difficulties with the use of herbicides, minimum tillage, slash/mulch, Costa Rica, mulching, good weeds, bad weeds,

165. De la Cruz, R., E. Rojas, and A. Merayo. 1994. Manejo de la caminadora (Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) W. D. Clayton) en el cultivo de maiz y el periodo de barbecho con leguminosas de cobertura. Manejo Integrado de Plagas (Costa Rica).
31: 29-35.

mucuna showed best adaptation in association with maize, highest mulch persistence, highest itchgrass suppression, legume cover crops, velvet bean, mucuna, maiz, itchgrass, Dolichos lablab, Canavalia ensiformis, Pueraria phaseoloides, Vigna unguiculata, weed control and suppression, , green manures, cover crops, mulch

166. De Sorney, P. 1916. Green Manures and Manuring in the Tropics. John Bale, Sons and Danielsson, London. 466 pp.

manuring in the tropics, organic matter, organic amendments, raised beds (pics), mounds, flood plain agriculture, women's role in agriculture, fertilizer, descriptions of different green manures, green manures, cover crops, legumes, nitrogen, nodules, peanut, bambarra ground nut, jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis), pigeon pea, chick pea, crotalaria, Desmodium, Dolichos, lablab, mucuna, velvet bean, cowpea, green manures, cover crops, mulch

167. Del Amo R., S. 1988. Cuatro Estudios Sobre Sistemas Tradicionales. Instituto Nacional Indigenista, Mexico, D.F., Mexico. 91 pp.

chinampas/maize/traditional systems/
Mexico/Central America/
camellones/hilling/raised/organic matter/green manure/multiple/
amaranth/Amaranthus/velvet bean, green manures, cover crops, mulch Legume used as green manure and weed control by Indians in Uxpanapa region of Mexico, sometimes known as Mucuna pruriens. nescafe = Stizolobium pruriens var. utilis = picapica mansa

168. Del Busto, J.A. 1978. Peru Incaico. Liberia Studium, Lima. 385 pp.

p. 147-150 - terraces prevent erosion, irrigation works of Incas, Peru, p. 150 - Indians got fertilizer from cameloids (corraled), guano, anchovies (planted with grain of maize), green manure/ashes/terraces/organic matter/manure, mulch

169. Denoon, D. and C. Snowdon, ed. 1980. A Time to Plant and a Time to Uproot. Institute of Papua New Guinea Studies: Papua New Guinea. 348 pp.

Imperata grass, slash and burn, coffee, women, agricultural systems, slash/mulch (p. 23-24), sweet potatoes, raised beds, taro, bananas

170. DeWalt, B.R. and K. DeWalt. 1984. Sistemas de cultivo en Pespire, sur de Honduras: un enfoque de agroecosistmas. Instituto Hondureño de Antropologia e Historia y Programa Internacional de Sorgo y Mijo (INTSORMIL), Univ. of Kentucky., 88 pp.

Describes three systems of slash/mulch used in southern Honduras, fallow periods of 5-6 years used on the steep slopes around Pespire, slash and burn,most farmers use a slash/mulch system, three types of slash/mulch systems, first only with maize, second used to plant a monocrop of sorghum, third is sorghum for animal fodder, mulching, maisillo S 602.5 C94a

171. DeWalt, B.R. 1991. Microcosmic and macrocosmic processes of agrarian change in Southern Honduras: the cattle are eating the forest. . In: DeWalt, B. and P. J. Pelto (eds.) Micro and Macro Levels of Analysis in Anthropology: Issues in Theory and Research. Westview Press, Boulder, CO. 214 pp.,
processes of agrarian change in Southern Honduras: cattle are eating the forest. fallow periods of 5-6 years used on the steep slopes around Pespire, slash and burn,most farmers use a slash/mulch system, three types of slash/mulch systems, first only with maize, second used to plant a monocrop of sorghum, third is sorghum for animal fodder, mulching, OLIN GN345. M62

172. Diver, S. and P. Sullivan. 1992. Cover Crops and Green Manures. ATTRA (APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER FOR RURAL AREAS), Fayetteville, AR.
cover crops, green manures, mulch

173. Doll, J.D. and C.A. Francis. 1992. Participatory research and extension strategies for sustainable agricultural systems. Weed Technol.
6: 473-482.

Sustainable Agriculture, weeds, orgainic matter, selection, breeding, IPM, pests, animals, legumes, green manure, rotation, fallow, intercropping, multiple, policy, economics, mulch

174. Dominguez-V., J.A., N. Marban-Mendoza, and R.D.l. Cruz. 1990. Leguminosas de cobertura asociadoas con tomate var. "Dina guayabo" y su efecto sobre Meloidogyne arabicida López y Salazar. Turrialba.
40: 217-221.

Six cover crops tested for effect on root knot galls on tomato (causes coffee corky disease). All cover crops caused some reduction in galling, green manure, organic matter tomatoes, Costa Rica, green manure and cover crops, nematodes, Pueria phaseoloides, Arachis pintoi, Centrosema pubescens, Desmodium ovalifoium, Centrosema macrocarpum, reduction of nematode populations, Coffee Corky disease, mulch

175. Dotson, B. 1992. On the relevance of traditional agricultural practices to development of sustainable agroforestry technology In . Cornell University.
Farmers in Fundong Division, in the NW Province of Cameroon, cultivate beans. One or two months before the end of the rainy season in this area, young men begin to clear patches of forest with machetes, slashing down the undergrowth, but leaving the larger overstory trees standing. Common beans are planted directly in the ground beneath, through the mulch of downed undergrowth. By the end of October when the rains are ending, these forest farms have an almost continuous bright-green carpet of young bean plants sprouting through the moist protective layer of mulch. The tree's shade and the thick mulch combine to protect the soil from the dry season sun and allow excellent growth and procution of dry beans for sale by the bucket in local markets. Unfortunately, as currently practiced, this mode of agricultural production is not sustainable as it presents a serious threat to the small remaining natural montane rainforest of the region. slash/mulch/Cameroon/beans/mulch/
agroforestry

176. Dotson-Brooner, B. 1995. Modifying a Traditional Farming System in the Highlands of Western Cameroon for Enhancement of Productivity and Sustainability In . Cornell Univ.
Cameroon, traditional farming systems, slash and burn, slash/mulch, beans, frijol tapado, conservation, agroforestry, soils, ALES Land Evaluation, Kom people, tropical forests, erosion, HDT File.

177. Dove, M.R. 1980. The swamp rice swiddens of the Kantu' of West Kalimantan, Indonesia . pp. 953-956. In: Furtado, J. I. (ed.) Tropical Ecology and Development. Vol 2. International Soc. of Tropical Ecology, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

A Dyak group called the Kantu of West Kalimantan, Indonesia subsist primarily on rice grown in slash and burn systems. Generally, slash is burned, but in one case described by Dove (1980) they use a slash and mulch practice.
The high yields of the swamp swiddens are most impressive, but the return per work-day in the swamp swiddens is only slightly higher than the yields in the dry swiddens. Dove writes that the swamp rice technology allows the Kantu to exploit land that otherwise would not be utilized. Also, the swamp swiddens are never damaged by flooding as dry swiddens are. Fallow periods in dry swiddens averages 5 to 20 years whereas the swamp swiddens can be used two or three years after cropping. swamp rice, Kantu', Indonesia, slash and burn, slash/mulch, Dyaks, have 5 varieties of swamp rice,

178. Dove, M.R. 1985. Swidden Agriculture in Indonesia: the Subsistence Strategies of the Kalimantan Kantu'. Mouton Publishers, New York. 515 pp.

Kantu planted 44 rice varieties in one area and had an average of 17 varieties per household. A Dyak group called the Kantu of West Kalimantan, Indonesia subsist primarily on rice grown in slash and burn systems. Generally, slash is burned, but in one case described by Dove (1980) they use a slash and mulch practice. shifting agriculture, slash and burn, Indonesia, slash/mulch, swamp rice, Kantu', Indonesia, Dyaks

179. Duke, J.A. 1981. Handbook of Legumes of World Economic Importance. Plenum, New York.
Velvetbeans are largely self-pollinating; natural crossing is rare. Perhaps because of the L-Dopa content, velvetbean is subject to few insect problems. In Florida, larvae of the velvet bean caterpillar Anticarsia gemmatalis eat the leaves. L-Dopa in the seeds is a chemical barrier to attack by insects and small mammals (Rehr et al., 1973).

Velvetbean is immune to most diseases, including fusarium wilt, but in southern Rhodesia is very susceptible to a vine-rot disease that can wipe out the crop. Fungi known to attack velvet bean include: Cercospora stizolobii, Mycosphaerella cruenta, Phyllosticta mucunae, Phymatotrichum omnivorum, Phytophthora dreschsleri, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii (southern blight), Uromyces mucunae.

Among the bacteria are bacterial leaf-spot, Xanthomonas stizolobiicola, Pseudomonas stizolobii, and Pseudomonas syringae.

Striga gesnerioides parasitizes the plant. Yellowing is due to zinc deficiency. A mosaic virus attacks it. Velvetbean is resistant but not immune to rootknot nematodes, and is attacked by Meloidogyne thamesi, M. hapla., M. incognita acrita, and M. javanica. Other nematodes isolated from this crop include Belonolaimus gracilis, Pratylenchus brachyurus, and Rotylenchulus reniformis. green manures, cover crops, Mucuna, Nescafe, Stizolobium, velvet bean, organic amendments, mulch, organic matter, diseases, nematodes

180. Duplan, V. and J.A. Aguirre. 19?? Analisis de la produccion de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) bajo cuatro sistemas de produccion en Alejuela, Costa Rica. CATIE. Public. Misc. No. 90., Turrialba, Costa Rica.
Minimum tillage/tapado/mulching/beans
/Costa Rica/Central America
/web blight/fungi/slash/mulch,Rhizoctonia solani, Thanatephorus cucumeris/frijol tapado

181. Dupriez, H. and P. de Leener. 1987. African Gardens and Orchards. , 354 pp.

Cultural controls/biological control/multiple cropping/mulching/pesticides/Africa Textbook for secondary and technical schools

182. Duron, E. Year. Avances sobre investigación de abonos verdes en el litoral Atlantico de HondurasIn: First National Conference on the Use of Leumes in Present Day Agriculture. Presentado en la Reunion Anual de PCCMCA, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Tegucigalpa, Honduras: PCCMCA.

Velvet beans, Mucuna deeringianum, green manures, organic matter, mulching, organic amendments, control of weeds in maize in Honduras, green manures, cover crops, mulch

183. Echandi, E. 1965. Basidiospore infection by Pellicularia filamentosa (= Corticum microsclerotia), the incitant of web blight of the common bean. Phytopathology.
55: 698-699.

Web blight/fungi/beans/minimum tillage/tapado/mulching/slash/mulch, Rhizoctonia solani, Thanatephorus cucumeris

184. Eder, H.M. 1963. El Río y el Monte. A Geographical Reconnaissance of the Río Siguirisúa Valley, Chocó District, Colombia. Department of Geography, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA.
Río Siguirisúa Valley, Chocó District, Colombia, slash/mulch, organic matter, maize, mulching, maiz chococito

185. Ehui, S.K., B.T. Kang, and D.S.C. Spencer. 1991. Economic analysis of soil erosion effects in alley cropping, no-till, and bush fallow systems in southwestern Nigeria. IITA Research.
3: 1-6.

alley cropping, slash/mulch, no-till, Africa, Nigeria, soil erosion, slash and burn, bush fallow,

186. Ekkehard, B. 1992. Actividades agroforestales y silviculturales en la region Amazonica Ecuatoriana : experiencias y resultados 1985-1990 en la region de Lumbaqui, provincia de Sucumbíos. Red Agroforestal Ecuatoriana, Quito. 138 pp.

agroforestry, slash/mulch, animals, Amazon, Ecuador, silviculture, agroforestry, "tala y decomposition"= slash/mulch practiced by Indians of the Selva Alta del Napo

187. Ene, L.S.O. 1977. Control of cassava bacterial blight (CBB). Tropical Root and Tuber Crops Newsletter.
10: 30-31.

Multiple Cropping/cassava bacterial blight/Xanthomonas manihotis/bacteria, mulching,

188. Errazuriz, J. 1980. Tumaco-La Tolita. An Unknown Precolombian Culture. Carlos Valenica Editores, Bogotá, Colombia. 316 pp.

An Unknown Precolombian Culture. Author suggests South American cultures were affected by migrations from Asia. The Tumaco-La Tolita culture developed on the Pacific coast of Colombia and Ecuador. Left many stone carvings and artifacts. Some strongly resemble Chinese. As usual - nothing on agriculture or Slash/Mulch systems. Tumaco-La Tolita.

189. Escobar Muñera, M.L., C. Ramirez, and D. Kass. 1994. Nitrogen in alley cropping using Erythrina poeppigigiana and Gliricidia sepium with common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) . pp. 133-147. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How Farmers Use It, and What Researchers Know About It. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.,
Nitrogen in a alley cropping system with poró (Erythrina poeppigigiana) y madero negro (Gliricidia sepium) with common beans, mata raton, mulching, slash/mulch, alley cropping

190. Evans, D.O., R.S. Yost, and G.W. Lundeen. 1983. A Selected and Annotated Bibliography of Tropical Green Manures and Legume Covers. Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, Univ. of Hawaii, 211 pp.

A Selected and Annotated Bibliography of Tropical Green Manures and Legume Covers, organic amendments, mulch, organic matter

191. Fallers, M.C. 1960. The Eastern Lacustrine Bantu (Ganda and Soga). In: Ethnographic Survey of Africa: East Central Africa, Pt. 11. Int. African Institute. 86 pp.,
Weed/Uganda/East Africa/sanitation/mulching/pruning/
bananas/ In Buganda, farmers keep bananas going for up to 50 years without rotation by careful mulching and pruning. Hundreds of banana varieties, 60% for cooking, 30 % for beer, 7% for roasting.

192. FAO. 1978. Food legumes: distribution, adaptability. FAO, Rome. 131 pp.

legumes, green manures, cover crops, mulch

193. Fernandes, E.C.M., C.B. Davey, and L.A. Nelson. 1993. Alley cropping on an Ultisol in the Peruvian Amazon: Mulch, fertilizer and tree root pruning effects . pp. 77-96. In: Lal, R. and Ragland, J. (eds.) Sustainable Agriculture for the Tropics. American Society of Agronomy monograph.
Madison, WI.,
d

194. Fernandes, E.C.M., C.B. Davey, and L.A. Nelson. 1993. Alley cropping on an acid soil in the upper Amazon: Mulch, fertilizer and hedgerow root pruning effects . pp. 77-96. In: ASA Special Publication 56. Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture in the Tropics. Am. Soc. Agronomy, Madison, WI.,
alley cropping, soils, mulch, Peru, Amazon, agroforestry, green manure, rice, cowpeas, weeds, Inga,

195. Fernandes, E.C.M., et al. 1997. Management of soil organic matter dynamics in tropical land-use systems. Geoderma.
39?: 131-149.

organic matter, green manure, cover crops, tropics, tropical forests, pastures, fertilizer, tillage, soil fauna, mulch

196. Finegan, E.J. 1981. The Use of Agri-silviculture as a Resource Conservation and Rural Community Development Method in the Tropical Wet Forest of Colombia In . Cornell University.
Tumaco, grow maize, cassava, cane, beans, fruit, wood, taro, sweet potatoes, yams, tannier, and pineapple in slash/mulch (p. 93). Know plants that are 'site indicators' for soil fertility, drainage, and degree of shade present. Plants also indicate when land is ready for planting. Mulching/agri-silviculture/agroforestry/
multiple cropping/mixed gardens/tropical wet forest of Colombia/South America/minimum tillage/slash/mulch/site selection/site indicators

197. Fisher, R.B. 1910. On the Borders of Pigmy Land. Marshall Brothers, london. 215 pp.

"In a strip of forest lying between the Semliki River and the Congo forest, and within four hours of Mboga, lives a savage tribe known as the Bahuku."

page 168 = "They have no means of digging up the soil , but their method of cultivation is to cut down the grass and shrubs, to fell the trees, and sow their crops of Indian corn, beans, and sweet potatoes among the stubble and roots." slash/mulch, Africa, Congo, Bahuku tribe,

198. Fitt, B.D.L. and H.A. McCartney. 1986. Spore dispersal in splash droplets . In: Ayres, P. G. and L. Boddy. Water, Fungi and Plants. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK,
Spore dispersal in splash droplets, mulch, epidemiology, water,

199. Flores, M. 1989. Velvetbeans: an alternative to improve small farmer's agriculture information. ILEIA Newsletter.
5(2): 8-9.

Velvet beans, Mucuna, green manures, cover crops, organic matter, mulching, organic amendments, slash/mulch, mucuna, lab lab, jackbean, organic matter S494.5 S86 I27

200. Flores, M. 1991. Utilización del frijol terciopelo (Mucuna puriens) por los agricultores del las aldeas del departmento de Cortes, Honduras, para la produción del maiz . In: Bolaños Arquín, M. and I. Bolaños Arquín. (eds.) Memoria. I Simposio sobre Tecnologia Apropiada y Agricultura Biologica para un Desarolla Rural Alternativo. COPROALDE. Univ. de Costa Rica, San José. 208 pp,
frijol terciopelo, Mucuna puriens, Velvet beans, green manures, cover crops, organic matter, mulching, organic amendments, slash/mulch

201. Flores, M. 1992. Practical use of cover crops. ILEIA.
8(4): 15.

velvet bean, Mucuna, Scarlet runner bean, control of weed Imperata cylindrica, green manures, cover crops, mulch

202. Flores, M. Year. Estudio de caso: La utilización del frijol de abono (Mucuna sp.) como alternativa viable para el sostenimiento productivo de los sistemas agricolas del litoral Atlantico. Paper presented to the Center for Development Studies at the Free University of Amsterdam:

"Economic comparison of a no-till, mucuna based system with a neigboring mechanized modern system showed that the mucuna system was less productive, but the costs per ton of maize produced were 30% less under the mucuna system." mucuna, velvet bean, green manures, cover crops, mulch

203. Flores, M. 1993. Tienen Razon los agricultores de usar el frijol abono? . pp. 33-40. In: Buckles, D. Gorras y Sombreros: Caminos Hacia la Colaboración entre Technicos y Campesinos. CIMMYT, Mexico.,
Velvet beans, Mucuna, green manures, cover crops, organic matter, mulching, organic matter, amendments, slash/mulch, Honduras hdt file

204. Flores, M. 1993. The use of velvetbean by village farmers of the Northern Coast of Honduras to produce corn In . CIDICCO.
Practice used for more than 20 years, most traditional farmers in Honduras get yields of 1500-1700 pounds/ha while in the North Coast using mucuna they get yields of 4000-5000 pounds/ha., less weeds, problems, less labor, mucuna dries out naturally or is chopped off (slashed) 2 weeks before planting the next crop, no major pests of either maize or mucuna have been noted, velvetbean, Honduras, maize, mucuna, cover crops, green manure, slash/mulch, organic matter,

205. Flores, M. 1993. The use of lablab bean (Dolichos lablab) by traditional farmers in Honduras In . CIDICCO.
Lablab bean originated in S. E. Asia, drought resistant, palatable to livestock, fixes N, immature and dry seeds edible, produces large amounts of fodder, Diabrotica spp. insects a problem in early stages of development, lablab bean, Honduras, maize, cover crops, green manure, organic matter, maize/intercropping, weed control, animal feed, mulch

206. Flores, M. 1993. A brief report on the impact of legume cover crops in small farmers agriculture in Honduras In . CIDICCO, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
history of use of cover crops & green manures in Honduras, maize yields have gone from 2077 kg/ha to 3700 kg/ha, and increase of 56%, velvetbean, Honduras, maize, mucuna, slash/mulch, organic matter, World Neighbors, NGO's, weed control, labor, cover crops/green manures,

207. Flores, M. 1993. Considerations on the use of grain-legumes as cover crops In . CIDICCO.
velvetbean, Honduras, maize, mucuna, cover crops, green manure, slash/mulch, organic matter, cowpeas, soybeans, peanuts, mulch

208. Flores, M. 1993. Informe de los primeros resultados obtenidoas con la utilización del frijol terciopelo en la finca Monte Libano, Choluteca, Honduras In . CIDICCO.
scarlet runner bean, cover crop, green manure, mulch

209. Flores, M. 1994. The use of leguminous cover crops in traditional farming systems in Central America. . pp. 149-155. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How Farmers Use It, and What Researchers Know About It. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.,
The utilization of leguminous cover crops in traditional systems of agriculture in Central America, mucuna, velvet bean, slash/mulch, maize, lab lab, cover crops/green manures, mulching, mulch

210. Forsythe, W., R. Alberty, and J.N. Rocha. Year. Production and erosion in a cultivation of corn and beans with varying live cover on steep slopes in Costa RicaWorkshop on Slash/Mulch Practices. Sustainable Production Systems. Turrialba, Costa Rica. October 12-16, 1992:

slash/mulch, frijol tapado, no-till, erosion, beans, maize,

211. Francis, C.A., C.B. Flora, and L.D. King. 1990. Sustainable Agriculture in Temperate Zones. Wiley, New York. 487 pp.

Sustainable Agriculture in Temperate Zones, organic matter, manure, selection, breeding, IPM, pests, animals, legumes, green manure, rotation, fallow, intercropping, multiple, policy, economics, low-input, mulch

212. Francis, C.A. 1990. Practical Applications of Low-lnput Agriculture in the Midwest. J. Soil Water Conservation.
45(1): 65-67.

organic matter, manure, selection, breeding, IPM, pests, animals, legumes, green manure, rotation, fallow, intercropping, multiple, policy, economics, low-input, mulch

213. Francis, C.A. 1990. Sustainable Agriculture: Myths and Realities. Sustain. Agr.
1: 97- 106.

Sustainable Agriculture in Temperate Zones, orgainic matter, manure, selection, breeding, IPM, pests, animals, legumes, green manure, rotation, fallow, intercropping, multiple, policy, economics, mulch

214. Francis, C.A. and M.A. Altieri. 1992. Agroecology and sustainable development:
innovative programs in Latin America. J. Sustain. Agric.
3: 107-112.

Sustainable Agriculture, weeds, organic matter, selection, breeding, IPM, pests, animals, legumes, green manure, rotation, fallow, intercropping, multiple, policy, economics, mulch

215. Francis, C.A. and I.P. Madden. 1993. Designing the future: sustainable agriculture in the U.S. Agric., Ecosystems, & Environment.
46: 123-134.

Sustainable Agriculture, organic matter, manure, selection, breeding, IPM, pests, animals, legumes, green manure, rotation, fallow, intercropping, multiple, policy, economics, mulch

216. Fujisaka, S., P. Saijse, and R.d. Castillo. 1986. Man, Agriculture, and the Tropical Forest. Winrock Int'l. Institute for Agric. Development, Morrilton, AR. 363 pp.

Philippines, mulch, uplands, mountain agriculture, mulches, terrace construction, mulching, tillage, no-tillage, contour farming, organic matter, composting, green manures, multiple cropping, agroforestry, mulch

217. Fujisaka, S. 1992. Farmer knowledge and sustainability in rice-farming systems: blending science and indigenous innovation In Moock, J.L. and R.E. Rhoades (eds.) 1992. Diversity, Farmer Knowledge and Sustainability. 278 pp. . Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY.

rice, farmer selection, IRRI, green revolution, green manures, soil erosion, mulch

218. Fujisaka, S. 1993. Una mirada pesimista al uso de abonos verdes por los agricultures de Asia. (A pessemistic look at the use of green manures by the farmers of Asia) . pp. 77-83. In: Buckles, D. Gorras y Sombreros: Caminos Hacia la Colaboración entre Technicos y Campesinos. CIMMYT, Mexico D. F.,
farmers in Asia have chosen contour hedgerows and inorganic fertilizer, etc. over green manure crops green manures, cover crops, living barriers, contour hedgerows, alley cropping, Philippines, Asia, mulch

219. Fukuoka, M. 1978. One Straw Revolution, An Introduction to Natural Farming. Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA. 181 pp.

Slash and mulch/mulching/no-tillage/minimum tillage/Japan/Asia

220. Gale, W.J., R.W. McColl, and X. Fang. 1993. Sandy fields traditional farming for water conservation in China. J. Soil and Water Conservation.
48(6): 474-477 pp.

in sandy fields (which sometimes occurs on floodplains of rivers) in low rainfall areas, a layer 5-13 cm of a sand-stone mulch is spread on the fields. Manure is first applied. A fallow/rotation plan is followed. Mulch controls water evaporation. Mulch also retains heat and controls erosion. Plastic is replacing the sand-stone mulch in China. mulches, China, traditional, indigenous knowledge, sand and stone for mulches,

221. Galindo, J.J. 1982. Epidemiology and control of web blight of beans in Costa Rica In . Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell University.
Epidemiology/web blight/fungi/Costa Rica/Central America/Tapado/mulching/minimum tillage/beans/slash/mulch, frijol tapado Rhizoctonia solani, Thanatephorus cucumeris

222. Galindo, J.J., et al. 1982. Characterization of Thanatephorus cucumeris isolates causing web blight of beans in Costa Rica. Turrialba.
32: 447-455.

Minimum tillage/tapado/beans/Costa Rica/Central America/web blight/fungi/mulching Rhizoctonia solani, Thanatephorus cucumeris

223. Galindo, J.J., et al. 1982. 'Tapado', controlling web blight of beans on small farms in Central America. New York's Food and Life Sciences Quarterly.
14(3): 21-25.

Minimum tillage/tapado/beans/Costa Rica/Central America/web blight/fungi/mulching/slash/mulch Rhizoctonia solani, Thanatephorus cucumeris

224. Galindo, J.J., et al. 1983. Effect of mulching on web blight of beans in Costa Rica. Phytopathology.
73: 610-615.

Minimum tillage/tapado/beans/Costa Rica/Central America/web blight/fungi/mulching/slash/mulch Rhizoctonia solani, Thanatephorus cucumeris

225. Galindo, J.J., et al. 1983. Source of inoculum and development of bean web blight in Costa Rica. Plant Disease.
67: 1016-1021.

Minimum tillage/tapado/beans/Costa Rica/Central America/web blight/fungi/mulching/slash/mulch Rhizoctonia solani, Thanatephorus cucumeris

226. Galindo, J.J. 1994. Incidence of web blight of beans grown under the the slash/mulch system in Costa Rica . pp. 101-107. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How Farmers Use It, and What Researchers Know About It. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.,
Incidence of web blight of beans in the the frijol tapado system in Costa Rica,
minimum tillage, tapado, web blight, Rhizoctonia solani, Thanatephorus cucumeris, fungi, beans, mulching, slash/mulch.

227. Gamble, J.F., H.I. Popenoe, and a. Associates. 1967. Phase I. Final Report, Agricultural Ecology In . Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio.
Slash/mulch, Panama, Agricultural Ecology, seen - report Slash/mulch in Panama and Colombia, Choco Engineering Library - BMI - 171-010

228. Garcia, A.G. and N.R. Lawas. 1986. Mulching and intercropping: their effect on soil erosion in the uplands. Research at Los Baños.
5: 18-19.

Mulching, intercropping, soil erosion in the uplands, Philippines

229. Garcia-Espinosa, R. 1987. Importancia de la fitopatologia tropical. In: Colegia de Postgraduados. Taller de Fitopatologia Tropical, 2nd Ed. Chapingo, Mexico, pp. 1-17.

get yields of 4-5 tons/hectare of maize in popal systems while average for Tabasco is 1.2 tons/hectare. Popal system practiced in areas flooded 6-8 months per year and covered with a grass called Popal (Thalia geniculata). Soils anaerobic for 6-8 months. Chapters on diseases of rice, avocado, cacao, coffee, sugar cane, citrus, coconut, viruses of beans, plantains, papaya, pineapple, vanilla, maize. Chinampas, hilling, raised, soils suppressive to Meloidogyne, Pythium, and Rhizoctonia, popal, marceño, grass mulching system,

230. Garcia-Espinosa, R., R.Q. Madrigal, and N.G. Alvarez. 1994. Agroecosystems for sustained maize production in the hot, wet regions of Mexico. . pp. 61-74. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How Farmers Use It, and What Researchers Know About It. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.,
Mexico, productive, sustainable agroecosystems for maize in the hot, humid regions of Mexico, mucuna, velvet bean, minimum tillage, mulching, maize, slash/mulch, cover crops/green manures, mulch

231. García V., D., J.C. Hernández, and A.D.M. . 1997. Los abonos verdes: una alternativa para controlar malezas en el cultivo de maíz. PRIAG. Costa Rica., 44 p.

green manures, maize, weed control, mulch

232. Garrett, S.D. 1960. Biology of Root-infecting Fungi. Cambridge Univ. Press, London. 293 pp.

Shade/biological control/rotations for mulch/mulching/organic matter/organic amendments/crop residues/soil

233. Garrity, D.P., D.M. Kummer, and E.S. Guiang. 1993. The Philippines . pp. 549-624 In: National Research Council 1993. Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 702 pp.,
Philippines, slash/mulch, luecaena (p. 571-579), Gliricidia, grass strips, alley cropping, agroforestry

234. Garrity, D.P. 1993. Sustainable land-use systems for sloping uplands in Southeast Asia . pp. 41-66. In: ASA Special Publication No. 56. Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture in the Tropics. Amer. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI.

"Found that tropical kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides) was successfully established by broadcasting seed in Imperata fallows, and it suppressed the Imperata in less than one year. But the practice was only successful when fire can be excluded." hillsides, Southeast Asia, sustainable agriculture, Philippines, hedgerows, alley cropping, Leucaena , Gliricidia, grass strips, Phosphorus, acid upland soils, erosion, reduced tillage, Imperata grass (cogon, alang-alang), perennial crops, kudzu (p. 56) , mulch (p. 54)

235. Garrity, D.P. and A. Khan. 1994. Alternatives to Slash-and-Burn. A Global Initiative. ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya. 73 pp.

"Slash and burn agriculture (shifting cultivation) accounts for about 50 to 75% of the 17 million hectares of tropical moist forest currently destroyed every year." (p. 2), West Sumatra, Indonesia, Situng, slash/mulch not even mentioned slash and burn, socioeconomic, shifting, tropical forests, deforestation,

236. Gilbert, J.C. 1956. Soil mulches of local material. Hawaii Farm Sci.
4(4): 4-5.

Mulching

237. Giller, K.E. and K.J. Wilson. 1991. Nitrogen fixation in tropical cropping systems. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
nitrogen fixation, legumes, green manures, cover crops, mulch

238. Gliessman, S.R. 1991. Ecological basis of traditional management of wetlands in tropical Mexico: Learning from agroecosystem models . pp. 211-229 In: Oldfield, M.L. and J.B. Alcorn, eds. 1991. Biodiversity. Culture, Conservation, and Ecodevelopment. Westview: Boulder, CO. 349 pp., Boulder, CO.

chinampas, Mexico, sustainable agriculture, traditional knowledge, Tabasco, hilling, raised, mulching, Maya, Marceño, popal, Marceño (siembra de Marzo) in flood-prone regions of Tabasco, Mexico, flooding, (Thalia geniculata L.), mulch system, Chontales Indians, slash/mulch, doblando, maize, flooding, Nacjuca raised beds,

239. Gobierno, M.d. 1982. Colombia Indigena. Ministerio de Gobierno, Bogota. 229 pp.

The "Waunana" Indians use a slash/mulch system in the Choco, p. 61. "Clearings are cut from the bush, which is then left to rot. Later weeds are cleared and the land is planted.", mulching, OLIN ++ F2270 C71

240. Golueke, C.G. 1972. Composting: A Study of the Process and Its Principles. Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA.
Composting: A Study of the Process and Its Principles, organic matter, mulch, organic amendments,

241. Gonzalez M., W. and R.A. V. 1994. An agroeconomic study of frijol tapado in Costa Rica . pp. 263-272. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.
Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How farmers use it, and what researchers know about it. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.

An agroeconomic study of frijol tapado in Costa Rica, economic, minimum tillage, slash/mulch, mulching, beans,

242. Granados A., N. and e. al. 1990. Perdidas de grano por fitopatogenos del suelo en maiz monocultivo y rotado con leguminosas de coberatura en Tabasco, Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Fitopatologia, In Press,
Canavalia spp., Pueraria spp. and Stizolobium spp. reduced the impact of soilborne diseases under rotations. 'Cultural practices, locally evolved, such as the rotation with tropical legumes, allow what seems to be a sustainable corn agroecosystem, with productivity of around 3-4 tons/hectare. organic matter/green manure/rotations/maize/Mexico/Central America/cover crops, mulch

243. Granados Alvarez, N. and R.G. Espinosa. 1992. La rotación nescafe-maíz, un sistema productivo, ecologico, y sostenible, sistema tradicional. Serie Agroecologia Tropical. Folleto Tecnico No. 1. Colegio de Postgraduados. CEICADES., H. Cardenas, Tabasco, Mexico. 32 pp.

La rotación nescafe-maíz, un sistem productivo, ecologico, y sostenible, sistema tradicional. rotation, velvet beans, maize, sustainable traditional system, Mucuna, green manures, organic matter, mulching, organic amendments, slash/mulch, organic matter, Mexico, pests, insects, diseases and insects of velvet bean, Cercospora phaseolicola, Sclerotium rolfsii, doblando maize, cover crops/green manures,

244. Griggs, T. 1995. Soil conservation starts at the grass roots. Partners in Research for Development (ACIAR, Canberra, Australia).
(No. 8, May 1995): 16-21.

"At Kemaman in Malaysia the introduction of legume and grass cover under the cocoa crop reduced annual soil loss by a staggering 90%, from 80 t/ha to a mere 8 t/ha on slopes of 17 and 36%."
"At Los Baños in the Philippines, on mungbean and maize plots with slopes of between 14 and 21%, the planting of hedgerows and the use of hedgeclippings and crop residues as mulch cut annual soil loss from 105 to just 5 t/ha. The clippings also make good quality animal fodder."
Other examples of the effectiveness of cover crops and mulches in reducing erosion are also given. soil conservation, soil erosion, Australia, S. E. Asia, ACIAR, cover crops, legumes, grasses, mulch, mulching pineapples, tie ridges, Phytophthora,

245. Grossman, J. 1993. Fighting insects with living mulches. The IBM Practitioner: the Newsletter of Integrated Pest Management.
15(10): 1-8.

brassica, live mulches, cover crops, insect control, intercropping, multiple cropping, plant competition, interspecific competition

246. Gu, R.S. and Q.X. Wen. Year. Cultivation and Application of Green Manure in Paddy Fields of China. In: A.S. Institute of Soil Science. Symposium on Paddy Soil. Nanjing, China: Springer Verlag.

China/Paddy Soil/Paddy Rice/Organic Fertilizer/Legumes/Green Manures/Reviews/Azolla/Nutrients, Nitrogen, mulch

247. Gutierrez, R., G. Flores, and M.A. Nuñez. Year. Efecto de cobertura de tres especies de Mucuna sobre los redemientos de maiz (Zea mays), suplementado y sin NPKPCCMCA, 16-19 Abril. San Pedro Sula, Honduras: PCCMCA.

Velvet beans, three species of Mucuna, cover crops/green manures,organic matter, mulching, organic amendments, control of weeds in maize in Honduras, fertilizer - NPK, mulch Not seen - Cited in E. Duron

248. Gutierrez, R. Year. Evaluacion de herbicidas para el control de malezas en un sistema de frijol de coberatura en el cultivo de maize.Presentado en la III Semana Cientifica de Investigacion del CURLA-UNAH, 18-23 May, La Ceiba, Honduras. La Ceiba, Honduras: CURLA-UNAH.

Evaluation of herbicides for weed control in frijol de coberatura, maize, green manures, organic matter, mulching, organic amendments, Velvet beans, Mucuna, cover crops/green manures, mulch Not seen - Cited in E. Duron

249. Haarer, A.E. 1962. Modern Coffee Production. Leonard Hill, London. 495 pp.

coffee, mulching, genetics and breeding, shade, diseases, insects, Africa, Asia, history

250. Hall, R. and L.C.B. Nasser. 1996. Practice and precept in cultural management of bean diseases. Canadian J. of Plant Pathology.
18: 176-185.

cultural control, bean diseases, rotation, cover crops, Tagetes, pH, depth, tillage, fallow, clean seed, date of planting, plant archtitecture, spacing, density, multiple cropping, mulch, roguing, irrigation, trap crops, harvest date,

251. Haririah, K. 1992. Aluminum tolerance of Mucuna, a tropical leguminous cover crop. Univ. of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands. 152 pp.

Mucuna moderately Al tolerant, mucuna, velvet bean, aluminum tolerance, green manures, organic matter, mulching, organic amendments, slash/mulch, Java, Indonesia, weeds management, Imperata grass control, cover crops/green manures,

252. Harlan, C. 1912. Farming with Green Manures. Delore Pub., Wilmington, DE.
green manures, cover crops, mulch S661 H3

253. Harris, D.R. 1972. The origins of agriculture in the tropics. American Scientist.
60: 180-193.

Information on cereal mentality, (i.e. bias for seed-culture vs. vegetable culture). "Recent field work I carried out among vegecultural swidden cultivators in the upper Orinoco area of Venezuela (Figs. 4-8) suggests that the ecological contrast between vegeculture and seed-culture may be further enhanced by differences in techniques of clearance and tillage (Harris 1971). Here it was observed that manioc swiddens were customarily cleared and burned very incompletely, the stem-cuttings being planted among tangled and rotting debris (Figs. 1 and 8), whereas maize swiddens were cleared and burned more thoroughly and the seeds planted in open ground. Analysis of soil samples from manioc and maize plots revealed that, whereas in the latter organic carbon showed an expected decrease following clearance and burning, in the former it actually increased. " Slash and burn, fire, heat, tipiti, origin of vegetables, yams, taro, cassava, yuca, slash/mulch

254. Hart, T.G. and M. Kewe. Year. Preliminary results of intercropping trials in Zaire with maize and certain legumes. In: J.H. Monyo, A.D.R. Ker, andM. Campbell. Intercropping in Semi-Arid Areas. IDRC 076e. Report of a Symposium. Ottawa, Canada.: IDRC.

Hilling/organic amendments/green manures/Africa/cover crops, mulch 'Practically without exception, maize farms throughout Zaire are planted on raised beds, about 40-50 cm high with an interbed (interrow) spacing of approximately 1 metre. ..Following harvest, farmers put the current season's maize fodder together with various weeds and other crop residues...in the bottom of furrows between the current season's beds. These furrow bottoms become next year's beds.' (p. 27) Rationale for this practice includes susceptibility of maize to 'wet feet.'

255. Hecht, S.B., ed. 1982. Amazonia: Agriculture and Land Use Research. CIAT Series 03E (82). CIAT: Cali, Colombia. 428 pp.

Amazon/slash and burn/fire/heat/mulching/South America

256. Hesse-Rodríguez, M. 1994. Sembradoras de Esperanza. PROCONDEMA, Choluteca, Honduras. 252 pp.

Honduras, soil erosion, terraces, compost, organic matter, velvetbean, mucuna, rock and grass barrier, agroforestry, soil conservation, crop rotation, cover crops/green manures, mulch

257. Hill, S., ed. 1982. Basic Techniques in Ecological Farming. Birkhuser Verlag: Basel, Switzerland.
Organic matter/mulching/ecology/organic amendments/forestry/compost/fertilizers, S605.5 B32 1982

258. Hiraoka, M. and S. Yamamoto. 1980. Agricultural development in the Upper Amazon of Ecuador. Geographical Review.
70: 423-445.

slash/mulch system are used in both Colombia and Ecuador in the eastern lowlands by almost all new settlers, multiple cropping, polyculture, clear undergrowth such as vines, bushes, and small trees (socola), next place seeds and cuttings under shade of larger trees (plantío), next "when sprouts appear, the remaining vegetation, excepting economically useful types, is removed (tumba). The felled vegetation serves as mulch for the cultivated plants before the decompostion and the release of its minerals. There may be one or two weedings (depending on the intensity of weed growth) before the harvesting of annuals. Colonists practice true polyculture in the slash/mulch system with rice, maize, sweet potatoes, semiperennials - plantains, bananas, yuca, achiote, coffee, cacao, citrus, etc., socio-economic study of settlement patterns Agricultural development/Upper Amazon of Ecuador/mulching/minimum tillage/slash/mulch/colonization OLIN G1 G35

259. Hoitink, H.A.J. and P.C. Fahy. 1986. Basis for the control of soilborne plant pathogens with composts. Annu. Rev. Phytopathology.
24: 93-114.

organic matter/biological control/suppressive soils/mulching/fungi Some composts prepared with tree barks release inhibitors of plant pathogens such as Phytophthora and some nematodes. No effect on Rhizoctonia. Pathogens are usually killed by heat generated in the production of composts

260. Holt-Gimenez, E. and R.P. C. 1994. "Farmer to farmer" - The potential for technology generation and transfer for farmers in Rio San Juan, Nicaragua . pp. 75-84. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How Farmers Use It, and What Researchers Know About It. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.,
Nicaragua, potential of campesinos for the generation and transfer of technology, mucuna, velvet bean, minimum tillage, mulching, maize, slash/mulch, technology transfer, cover crops/green manures, mulch

261. Horowitz, A.J. 1995. Soil Physical Properties Under Continuous Corn and a Corn-Mucuana Rotation on Hillsides in Northern Honduras In . North Carolina State University.
mucuna, velvet bean, slash/mulch, weeds, Honduras, Latin America, green manures, cover crops, hillside farming, organic matter

262. Howard, A. 1943. An Agricultural Testament. Oxford Univ. Press, London. 253 pp.

fertilizer/organic matter/Indore process/manure/green manures/soil erosion/compost/humus, mulch

263. Hoyt, G.D. and W.L. Hargrove. 1986. Legume cover crops for improving crop and soil management in the Southern United States. HortScience.
21(3): 397-402.

legumes, cover crops, soil management, rotation, nitrogen, green manures, soil erosion, organic matter, conservation tillage, minimum tillage, mulch

264. Hoyt, G.D. 1987. Legumes as green manure in conservation tillage. In: Power, J. F. The Role of Legumes in Conservation Tillage Systems. Soil Conservation Soc. of America, Ankeny, Iowa, pp. 96-98.

organic matter/green manures/cover crops/conservation tillage/minimum tillage, mulch Discusses cover crops and predicting nutrients legume cover crops produce

265. Huber, D.M. and R.D. Watson. 1970. Effect of inorganic enrichment on soil-borne plant pathogens. Phytopathology.
60: 22-36.

Pathogens suppressed by mulching. Nitrification correlated to disease severity. soil pathogens/rotations/carbon/nitrogen ratio/flooding

266. Hudelson, J.E. 1987. La cultura quichua de transición: su expansión y desarrollo en el Alto Amazonas. Ediciones Aby a-Yala, Quito, Ecuador. 221 pp.

Ecuador, slash and burn, slash/mulch, tropical forest, Amazon, indigenous knowledge

267. Hue, N.V. and I. Amien. 1989. Aluminum detoxification with green manures. Commun. in Soil Sci. Plant Anal.
20(15 & 16): 1499-1511.

Aluminum detoxification with green manures, cowpeas and luecana, and guinea grass were used in tests in greenhouse, concludes "freshly added organic materials can reduce soluable Al and increase crop yields." organic matter, mulch

268. Humphries, S., J. Garay, and L. Smits. 1994. Landuse in humid tropical hillsides: migrant farmers in the Atlantic littoral area of Northern Honduras In . Centro Internacional para Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Hillsides program.
mucuna, velvet beans, cover crops/green manures, mulch MBA (from Honduras)

269. IIRR. 1992. Soil and Water Conservation Technologies (SWC) and Agroforestry Systems. International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR), Silang, Philippines. 171 pp.

agroforestry, degredation of uplands, alley cropping, in-row-tillage, organic fertilizer, nutrient cyling, contour farming, A frame, composting, green manures, cover crops, gen-gen, mulch

270. IIRR, F.a. 1995. Resource Management for Upland Areas in Southeast Asia. FAO and IRRI, Bangkok, Thailand and Silang, Cavite, Philippines. 207 pp.

upland areas, agroforestry in China, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, soil and water conservation, mulching, terraces, compost, contour tillage, cover crops, grass strips, hedgerows, ridge terraces, slash and burn, farming systems, extension, evaluation, rotation,

271. IITA. 1991. Mucuna. Farmers turn experimenters with a dual-purpose technology . In: IITA Annual Report 1991. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. 64 pp.,
mucuna effective in controlling Imperata cylindrica (speargrass), 500 farmers in Benin tried on-farm research to restore soil fertility, "the results of farmers who had chosen mucuna were dramatic. They recorded, on average, a tenfold increase in maize yield (from 200 to 2,000 kg per hectare), "during the dry season the mucuna would die and form a dry mulch", mucuna restored soil fertility and combated imperata grass. Farmer experimentation, Velvet beans, cover crops/green manures, Mucuna, green manures, organic matter, mulching, organic amendments, slash/mulch, mucuna, organic matter,, mulch

272. Ingels, C., et al. 1994. Selecting the right cover crop gives multiple benefits. California Agriculture.
48(43-48): .

has list of selected characteristics of important cover crops fro California cover crops, green manures, nitrogen, legumes, vetch, cowpea, C/N ratio, grasses, wind and water erosion, organic matter, weed control, sustenance of beneficial insects, biological control, rotation, mulch

273. IRRI. 1984. Organic Matter and Rice. IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines. 631 pp.

Flooding/rice/azolla/organic matter/green manures/algae/night soil, mulch

274. IRRI. 1988. Green manure in rice farming. IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines. 379 pp.

Green manure, rice, Azolla, Crotalaria, flooding, fern, organic matter, mulch S677 R5 G79

275. Isacsson, S.E. 1975. Observations on Choco slash-mulch agriculture: Work diary and dietary of an Embera domestic group in mid-eastern Choco, Colombia. In: Goteborgs Etnografiska Museum. Annual Report for 1975. Göteborg, Germany, pp. 21-45.

Slash/mulch/Embera domestic group/Indians/mid-eastern Choco/Colombia/South America/minimum tillage/tapado/mulching

276. Isacsson, S.-E. 1985. Observations on Choco Slash-Mulch Culture. Work diary and dietary of an Emberá domestic group in mid-eastern Chocó, Colombia. . In: Isacsson, and Carl E. Batt. Anthropological Investigations in Amazonia. Selected Papers. Museum of Anthropology, Univ. of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO. 115 pp.,
slash/mulch, chococito maize, mid-eastern Choco, South America, minimum tillage, tapado, mulching, Atrato river basin, Observations on Choco OLIN +GN4 C69 No. 47

277. Jacks, G.V., W.D. Brind, and R. Smith. 1955. Mulching. Commonwealth Agric. Bur. Tech. Comm. No. 9., Farnham Royal, U.K.
Mulching Mulching

278. Jackson, J. 1993. Los abonos verdes In . CIDICCO.
mucuna, velvet beans, cover crops/green manures, mulch MBA (from Honduras)

279. Jameson, J.D. 1970. Agriculture in Uganda. 2nd ed. ed. Ministry of Agric. and Forestry, Uganda Govt., and Oxford Univ. Press, London.
Multiple cropping/Uganda/East Africa/organic matter/mulching/compost Ganda keep bananas going for 30-50 years without rotations by mulching with compost composed of dead leaves, chopped up stems, thatch from huts, and household refuse.

280. Jimenez S., E. 1978. Comentarios sobre la producción de frijol comun (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) en Costa Rica. Agron. Costarricense.
2: 103-108.

Minimum tillage/tapado/mulching/web blight/Rhizoctonia solani/Thanatephorus cucumeris/fungi/bean/Central America/slash/mulch

281. Jiménez, G. 1985. Levantamiento de malezas en el cultivo del frijol tapado en la zona de Upala. Plits.
3(2): 213-224.

frijol tapado, beans, weeds, slash/mulch

282. Johnston, S.A. and J.K. Springer. 1977. Pepper: Phytophthora blight cultural control test. Results of disease control experiments on ornamentals, vegetable, fruit, field, and forage crops, Rutgers-State Univ. of New Jersey. Plant Pathology Leaflet 104,
"There was a significant decrease in the amount of disease with the ridge culture and black plastic mulch than with flat culture. One month later only the ridge culture had a significant reduction in the amount of pepper blight. Ridge culture did significantly reduce the crown rot phase of pepper blight, but it must be complimented with foliar sprays during the mid-late season to prevent the foliar phase of Phytophthora blight." mulching/hilling/Phytophthora capsici/fungi

283. Kachru, R.P. 1994. Improving agricultural productivity through appropriate technology transfer. Marga.
13(3): 5-34.

Table 4 - Effect of mulching combined with deep tillage on maize yield at Ludhiana (1974-75)
Shallow tillage - 15.6 q/ha
Shallow tillage+mulch - 20.3
Deep tillage - 21.8
Deep tillage + mulch - 25.5 appropriate technology transfer, India, grain storage, irrigation, agricultural machinery, mulch

284. Kamara, C.S. 1986. Mulch-tillage effects on soil loss and soil properties on an Ultisol in the humid tropics. Soil and Tillage Research.
8: 131-144.

Mulch-tillage effects on soil loss and soil properties on an Ultisol in the humid tropics, established runoff plots, mulch reduced soil temperatures and increased soil moisture, mulching, erosion, tillage, tropical soils, runoff

285. Kang, B.T., et al. 1982. Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala Lam. de Witt) prunings as N source for maize (Zea mays L.). Fert. Res.
2: 279-287.

Leucaena, alley cropping, slash/mulch, nitrogen

286. Kang, B.T., G.T. Wilson, and T.L. Lawson. 1984. Alley Cropping. A Stable Alternative to Shifting Cultivation. IRRI, Ibadan. 22 pp.

Alley Cropping. A Stable Alternative to Shifting Cultivation, slash and burn, slash/mulch, IRRI, mulching, organic matter, pruning, shade, Excellent color pictures of alley cropping

287. Kang, B.T. and B. Dugma. 1985. Nitrogen management in alley cropping systems . pp. 269-283. In: Kang, B. T. and J. van der Heide (eds.) Nitrogen management in farming systems in humid and subhumid tropics. Inst. for Soil Fertility and IITA. Haren, The Netherlands. 269-283. In: Kang, B. T. and J. van der Heide (eds.) Nitrogen management in farming systems in humid and subhumid tropics. Inst. for Soil Fertility and IITA. Haren, The Netherlands.,
alley cropping, nitrogen, slash/mulch,

288. Kang, B.T. and L. Reynolds, ed. 1989. Alley cropping in the humid and subhumid tropics. IDRC: . 251 pp.

Alley cropping/green manures, slash/mulch, mulching/organic matter/pruning/shade, mulch

289. Kang, B.T., L. Renoylds, and A.N. Attra-Krah. 1990. Alley farming. Advances in Agronomy.
43: 315-359.

Alley cropping/green manures, slash/mulch, mulching/organic matter/pruning/shade, mulch

290. Kang, B.T., et al. 1991. Agroforestry in Africa's humid tropics. Three success stories. Agroforestry Today.
3(2): 4-6.

pigeonpea is grown with cassava. Pigeonpea leaves are used as mulch after pods harvested. Some planted in mounds (mafuku) system. Cut grass gathered in mounds at 1.2-1.5 m intervals, covered with soil, & burned. Some planted in ridges. Grass burned & ridges built. Raised. Multiple. Intercropping, hilling, fire, burn

291. Kang, B.T. and K. Mulongoy. 1992. Nitrogen contribution of woody legumes in alley cropping systems . pp. 367-375. Mulongoy, K., M. Gueye, and D.S.C. Spencer. (eds.) 1992. Biological Nitrogen Fixation and Sustainability of Tropical Agriculture. Wiley, New York. 488 pp.,
alley cropping, slash/mulch, nitrogen, pruning,

292. Kang, B.T. 1993. Alley cropping: past achievements and future directions. Agroforestry Systems.
23: 141-155.

alley cropping, slash/mulch, soil erosion, weed control, crop yield,

293. Kang, B.T., A.O. Osiname, and A. Larbi. 1996. Alley Farming Research and Development. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. 588 pp.

alley farming, mulch, review

294. Karani, P.K. 1986. Observations on the productivity of matoke (bananas) (Musa spp) under agroforestry at Entebbe, Uganda. Commonw. Forestry Rev.
65: 241-251.

Bananas/agroforestry/multiple cropping/mixed gardens/Uganda/East Africa/shade/Cercospora musae/fungi/mulching/trees

295. Karim, A.B., P.S. Savill, and E.R. Rhodes. 1993. The effects of between-row (alley widths) and within-row spacings of Gliricidia sepium on alley-cropped maize in Sierra Leone. Agroforestry Systems.
24: 81-93.

alley cropping, agroforestry, slash/mulch, Gliricidia

296. Karunairajan, R. 1982. Green manuring in the tropics . In: Hill, Stuart. Basic Technics in Ecological Farming. Birkhuser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland,
Mulching/organic matter/green manures/legumes/cover crops, mulch

297. Kass, D.L. and M.J. H. 1986. Effect of applying prunings of Gliricidia sepium to maize and beans on an oxic dystropept in San Carlos, Costa Rica. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports.
4: 11-12.

"Yields of both crops were greater with 100 kg N/Ha than with prunings. Yields on alley cropping plots (where trees were not pruned) were less than on other plots. In the abscence of N prunings increased the yield of both crops.", mulch mata raton, alley cropping, CATIE,

298. Kass, D. 1987. Alley cropping of annual food crops with woody legumes in Costa Rica J.W. Beer, H.W. Fassbender, andJ. Heuveldop, Editor. pp. 197-208. In: Advances in Agroforestry Research, Turrialba, Costa Rica.

alley cropping, bean, cassava, maize, Gliricidia, Erythrina, mulch

299. Kass, D.L., et al. 1992. Ten years experience with alley farming in Central America . pp. 393-402. In: Kang, B.T., A.O. Osiname, and A. Larbi. 1996. Alley Farming Research and Development. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. 588 pp., Ibadan, Nigeria.

alley farming, Central America, Erythrina, Gliricidia, harvest index, beans, yield stability, mulch

300. Kass, D., B. Bellows, and J.F.A. S. 1993. Comparison of the slash-mulch system with alley cropping . pp. 19- In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Slash/Mulch: How Farmers Use It, and What Researchers Know About It. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.,
Comparison of the slash/mulch system with alley cropping, mulching, agroforestry, minimum tillage, Latin America

301. Kass, D.C.L. 1993. Tree domestication for agroforestry: present status and future directions. Agroforestry Systems.
23: 195-205.

agroforestry, pruning, Erythrina, Gliricidia, multipurpose trees, tropical forests, domestication, ants, natural selection, mulch

302. Kass, D.C.L., et al. 1993. Traditional fallow systems of the Americas. Agroforestry Systems.
23: 207-218.

improved fallows, agroforestry, shifting cultivation, slash and burn, palms, Mimosa, Amazon, Brazil, frijolillo, Senna, soils, multipurpose species, babassu palm, mulch

303. Kass, D.L. 1994. Erythrina species - Pantropical multipurpose tree legumes . pp. 84-95. In: Gutteridge, R.C. and H.M. Shelton. 1994. Forage tree legumes in tropical agriculture. CAB International, Wallingford, England. 389 pp.,
Erythrina species, forage tree legumes, origin, description, agroforestry, shade, live fences, wood, ornamental, 112 species worldwide, mulch

304. Kass, D.C.L., H.D. Thurston, and K. Schlather. 1999. Sustainable mulch-based cropping systems with trees. . In: Buck, L. E., J. P. Lassoie, and E. C. M. Fernandes. Agroforestry in Sustainable Agricultural Systems. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL., Boca Raton, FL.

mulch, agroforestry, tropical, slash and burn, slash and rot, slash/mulch, shade, plantation, homegardens, alley farming, fallows, palms,

305. Katan, J., et al. 1976. Solar heating by polyethelene mulching for the control of diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens. Phytopathology.
66: 683-688.

Organic matter/organic amendments/solar heating

306. Kelly, R.C. 1977. Etoro Social Structure. A Study in Structural Contradiction. Univ. of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. 329 pp.

The Etoro people of Papua New Guinea also live on the Great Papuan Plateau in an area with a rainfall of over 600 cm (263 inches). Kelly (1977) describes their slash/mulch system for taro and bananas in vivid terms as follows:
"In taro-banana gardens, no effort is made to create brush piles or to clear most of the garden of debris. Larger trees are felled first to form a network of trunks which will keep the bulk of the timber off the ground and prevent crop damage. The remaining trees are felled across these trunks in an irregular manner and are left untrimmed. In overall appearance, the garden resembles a section of forest recently struck by a tornado. The leaves and twigs decompose providing a gradual release of nutrients and the taro and bananas grow up through the debris." Kelly noted that felling trees after the taro and banans were planted minimized the time when soil was exposed to the high intensity rains common to the region. slash/mulch, slash and burn, fire, mixed gardens, diversity, Olin DU740.42 K29

307. Kelman, A. and R.J. Cook. 1977. Plant pathology in the People's Republic of China. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol.
15: 409-429.

Organic matter, organic amendments, crop residues, soil, mulching, biological control, Asia, sanitation, China 'This labor-intensive culture uses large quantities of organic mater and manure and apparently has reduced root diseases of crops to unimportance.' (Cook and Baker, p. 438) 'The practice of flooding fields for paddy rice and the use of organic material as fertilizers are apparently key factors in the general absence of soilborne diseases in China.' (p. 418) Roguing for rosette dwarf virus of wheat in China.

308. Kemper, W.D., A.D. Nicks, and A.T. Corey. 1994. Accumulation of water in soils under gravel and sand mulches. Soil Science Soc. of America.
58(1): 56-63.

mulch, sand, gravel, stone, evaporation reduced

309. Kiff, E., B. Pound, and R. Holdsworth. 1996. Covercrops: A Review and Database for Field Users. Natural Resources Institute, Wallingford, Oxon, UK. 180 pp.

This manual has been prepared as a reference source for those working on cover crops. The review discusses the different functions that cover crops may perform (for example, improvement of soil structure /fertility, water conservation, weed suppression, human or animal feed, pest and disease control) and then looks at their role within specific farming systems. A selection of 61 species are included in the database, which uses the software package d-Base. There is a bibliography of relevant literature and sources of seed are listed. cover crops, fertility, soils, weeds, diseases, pests, animal forage, green manures, organic amendments, organic matter, mucuna, green manure, cover crops, mulch

310. Kirby, R.A. 1990. The ecology of traditional agroecosystems in Africa . pp. 173-180. In: Altieri, M. and S. Hecht. Agroecology and small farm development. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 262 pp.,
Africa, traditional agroecosystems, intercropping, multiple cropping, slash and burn, shifting, chitemene, slash/mulch, pests, insects, weeds, diversity,

311. Kleinman, P.J.A., D. Pimentel, and R.B. Bryant. 1995. The ecological systainability of slash-and-burn agriculture. Agric., Ecosystems & Environment.
52: 235-249.

slash and burn, shifting, sustainability, land evaluation, fire, burning, soil microorganisms, mulching, fallow, erosion

312. Kloepper, J.W., et al. 1991. Analysis of populations of microorganisms in rhizospheres of plants weith antagonistic properties to phytopathogenic nematodes. Plant and Soil.
136: 95-102.

mucuna, velvet bean, nematodes, Canavalia ensiformis, biological control, disease, cover crops/green manures, mulch

313. Kramer, B.J. 1977. Las implicaciones ecologicas de la agricultura de los Urarina. Amazonia Peruana.
1: 75-86.

The Urarina, an Indian people of the Amazon in northern Peru have an interesting agricultural system which can become either slash and burn or slash/mulch. They slash the understory brush, plant plantains in the cut brush, and then fell trees on the cut brush and plantains. Sometimes they burn the slashed brush after it dries, but sometimes, if there is too much rain or if there is insufficient vegetation for a good burn, they do not burn, but simply let the slashed vegetation decompose. They may also plant maize, cassava, peanuts, and squash, sugar cane, taro, and sweet potatoes in their plots. Plots are generally abandoned after 2-3 harvests. Their system also effectively protects the soil from erosion. Kramer noted that the Urarina consider the system less difficult and labor intensive than the conventional slash and burn system. slash and burn, slash/mulch, Amazon, Peru

314. Kretschmer Jr., A.E. 1989. Tropical forage legume development, diversity, and methodology for determining persistence . In: Peristence of forage legumes. ASA, CSSA, SSSA, Madison, WI,
Tropical forage legume development, diversity, and methodology for determining persistence, green manures, organic matter, mulch

315. Kuchelmeister, G. 1989. Hedges for resource-poor land users in developing countries. GTZ, Eschborn, Germany. 256 pp.

hedges, coutour planting, mulch, slash, multistory, soil erosion, weed management, alley cropping, Leucaena,

316. Kwapata, M.B. 1991. Response of contrasting tomato cultivars to depth of applied mulch and irrigation frequency under hot, dry tropical conditions. Tropical Agriculture.
68: 301-303.

Mulching improved the yield of both varieties, but the determinate var. showed a marked increase in numbers of fruit depth of mulch, tomatoes, Malawi

317. Lal, R. 1975. Role of Mulching Techniques in Tropical Soil and Water Management. IITA Tech. Bull. No. 1. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. 38 pp.

Mulching, tropical soil and water management SB111 A2 I622

318. Lal, R. 1977. Soil management systems and erosion control . pp. 93-97. In: Greenland, D. J. and R. Lal. Soil Conservation and Management in the Humid Tropics. Wiley, New York.

On uncropped land at IITA, Nigeria, with a 61mm rainfall, a study of mulch rate on runoff and soil loss was made. With no mulch there was 50% runoff and 4.83 tons/ha of soil was lost. Two tons/ha of mulch had 19.7% runoff and 2.48 tons/ha soil loss. Four tons/ha of mulch had a 8% runoff and 0.52 tons/ha soil loss. Six tons/ha had 1.2% runoff and 0.05 tons/ha soil loss. erosion, soil management, slope gradient, no-tillage, mulch, mulch farming, S625 T7 I-161

319. Lal, R. 1981. No-tillage farming in the tropics . In: Phillips, R. E., Thomas, G. W., Blevins, R. L. No-tillage Research: Research Reports and Reviews. Univ. Kentucky, Lexington.,
No-tillage/minimum tillage/mulching

320. Lal, R. 1982. Effective conservation farming systems for the humid tropics. . pp. 57-76. In: El-Swaify, S. A. et al. (ed.) Soil Erosion and Conservation in the Tropics. American Soc. Agron. Spec. Publ. 43. ASA and SSSA., Madison, WI.

"The no-tillage system with crop residue mulch is an effective rotation practice." conservation farming systems, mulches, soil erosion, cover crops, green manures, mulch

321. Lal, R., P.A. Sanchez, and J. Cummings R. W. 1986. Land Clearing and Development in the Tropics. Balkema, Rotterdam. 450 pp.

Slash and burn/fire/heat/land clearing/deforestation/rotations/mulches/mulching

322. Lal, R. 1987. Tropical Ecology and Physical Edaphology. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 732 pp.

Shifting cultivators construct yam mounds around termite mounds. They recognize the importance of termites as ecological factors, and live with them. Effect on microorganisms (p. 271), earthworms, tropical climates, soils, ants, fire, slash and burn, mulch, hilling, fallow, rotation, organic matter, terraces, soils/slash and burn/fire/heat/ecology
/tropics/hilling/raised/nature of the tropics, defines mulch (p 635), earthworms

323. Lal, R. 1990. Soil erosion in the tropics. Principles and management. McGraw-Hill, New York. 580 pp.

erosion, conservation, terraces, mulch, grass buffer strips , contour strips, hedgerows, termites, rain splash,

324. Lal, R. 1995. Sustainable Management of Soil Resources in the Humid Tropics. United Nations Univ. Press, Tokyo. 146.

sustainable agriculture, mulch farming, no-till, conservation tillage, soil erosion, contour farming, alley cropping, agroforestry, tropical trees, soil degredation

325. Larsen, K.J., K.G. Cassman, and D.A. Phillips. 1989. Yield, nitrogen fixation, and above ground nitrogen balance in irrigated white lupine in a Mediterranean climate. Agronomy J.
81: 538-543.

lupine fixes 200+ kg N/ha when turned under at the flowering stage nitrogen, tarwi, lupine, green manure, cover crop, Davis, CA, mulch

326. Lasco, R.D. 1991. MPTS in indigenous agroforestry systems: the Naalad case . pp. 19-23. In: D. A. Taylor and K. G. MacDicken. (eds.) Research on Multipurpose Tree Species in Asia. Winrock Int. Inst. Agric. Develop., Morrilton, AR.,
leucaena, Naalad Philippines, agroforestry, pruning, slash/mulch, Multipurpose Tree Species

327. Lathwell, D.J. 1990. Legume Green Manures. Principles for Management Based on Recent Research. Tropsoils Bulletin 90-01. North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC. 30.

Legume Green Manures, organic matter, cover crops/green manures, mucuna, velvet bean, Canavalia, crotalaria, Brazil, incorporation, nitrogen, mulch

328. Lewis, J.A. and G.C. Papavizas. Year. Survival and multiplication of soil-borne pathogens as affected by plant tissue amendments. In: Bruehl, G. W. Biology and Control of Soil-borne Plant Pathogens. 3rd Int. Symp. on Factors Determining the Behavior of Pl. Pathogens in Soil, Am. Phytopathol. Soc., St. Paul, MN.

mulching Mulching, Biological Control of soilborne Pathogens

329. Li, S.-Y. 1984. Azolla in the paddy fields of Eastern China In Organic Matter and Rice . IRRI,
China/Organic Fertilizer/Green Manure/Azolla/N-Fixation/Fertilizer Management, mulch From E. C. Ellis

330. Linderman, R.G. 1970. Plant residue decomposition products and their effect on host roots and fungi pathogenic to roots. Phytopathology.
60: 19-20.

Mulching/biological control/fungi

331. Litzenberger, S.C. and H.T. Lip. 1961. Utilizing Eupatorium odoratum L. to improve crop yields in Cambodia. Agron. J.
53(1-6): 321-324.

Average lowland rice yields 1/2 to 1 t/ha, Eupatorium odoratum (now Chromolaena odorata} introduced from W. Indies, got 2X as much rice with 15 t/ha green mulch as check, crabs controlled in rice also, conducted experiments 1958-1960, 20 t/ha of Eupatorium applied to rice paddy increased yields an average of 1.26 t/ha, toxic to fish, but crabs controlled, no difference in applying Eupatorium as mulch or incorporating it as a mulch, with cassava Eupatorium applied at 45 t/ha gave a yield of 22 t/ha compared to 10 t/ha in check,with cassava Eupatorium applied at 20 t/ha gave a yield of 14 t/ha compared to 10 t/ha in check, applied as a mulch of 45 t/ha to black pepper helped control Pythium and nematodes (Heterodera marioni), weed, Cambodia, Chromolaena odorata, mulch, green manure, rice, pepper, cassava, mulch

332. Lopez-Real, J.M. and R.D. Hodges. 1986. The Role of Microorganisms in a Sustainable Agriculture. AB Academic Publishers, Berkhamsted, UK.
Sustainable/microorganisms/organic matter/organic amendments. microbial/soil/crop residues/rhizosphere/nitrogen/mycorrhiza/plant diseases/alley cropping/green manures/mulching/biological control/cover crops, mulch

333. Lorenz, C. and A. Errington. 1991. Acheiving sustainability in cropping systems: the labour requirements of a mulch rotation system in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Trop. Agric. (Trinidad).
68: 249-254.

sustainability,cropping systems, mulch rotation system in Kalimantan, Indonesia, slash/mulch of Pueraria javanica "is grown on land cleared of rain forest. Their description of the system is as follows: As a result of the workshop, a modified mulch rotation system was introduced on a trial basis. The system starts with a one-year fallow when a legume cover crop -- Pueraria javanica Benth. -- is grown on land cleared of rain forest. After one year the cover crop is cut by hand and food crops are sown into the decomposing mulch. This continues for three seasons (one year) and the cover crop is again planted (as cuttings) into the last food crop -- upland rice after which the land is left under the legume cover crops fallow for a further year. Labor is a primary constraint for the system, but since it is a no-till method, and because the mulch suppresses weeds, the labor of both tillage and weeding are reduced. The author's analysis of labor needs concluded that although labor peaks are reduced, the system must be designed so that the available labor supply matches the system's labor requirement. S 15 T85

334. Lotero Villa, L. 1977. Monografia de la Indigenista Noamama. Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, Bogota, Colomba.
p. 48 mentions Minga, inviting neighbors, familys, etc. to minga, slash/mulch system, grow sugar cane, maiz, platains, cassava, pineapple, fruit, in slash/mulch plots, mulching, OLIN + F2270.2 C6 L88

335. Ludwig, H.-D. 1968. Permanent farming on Ukara . pp. 87-135. In: Ruthenberg, H. 1968. Smallholder farming and smallholder development in Tanzania: ten case studies. Weltfrom Verlag, Munich.,
forage tree, slash, manure, organic matter, irrigation, millet, rice, bambara nuts, cassava, rotation, green manure, erosion, mulch

336. Lumpkin, T.A. and D.L. Plucknett. 1982. Azolla as a Green Manure: Use and Management in Crop Production. Westview Press, Boulder, CO. 230 pp.

green manure/rice/paddy/organic matter/nitrogen, mulch Azolla adds nitrogen and organic matter.

337. Lumsden, R.D., et al. 1987. Suppression of damping-off caused by Pythium spp. in soil from the indigenous Mexican chinampa agricultural system. Soil Biol. Biochem.
19: 501-508.

Biological control/suppressive soil/hilling/raised/antagonism/organic matter/organic amendments/crop residues/soil/mulching/fungi/Central America Gives details of suppression of Pythium aphanidermatum in chinampa soils when compared to modern agroecosystem soil. Damping off less in chinampas

338. Luna-Orea, P. 1995. Management of tropical legume cover crops in the Bolivian Amazon to sustain crop yields and soil productivity In . North Carolina State University.
cover crops, Bolivia, tropical soils, fallow, shifting agriculture, slash and burn, Canavalia ensiformis, Desmodium ovalifolium, Pueraria phaseoloides, kudzu, slash/mulch, nutrient content

339. Maass, A. 1902. Bei Liebens Würdigen Wilden. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Mentawei-Insulaner. Wilhem Süsserott, Berlin. 256 pp.

slash/mulch system used for taro production according to Conklin (1961. Curr. Anthropol. 2:27-61)

340. Maass, J.M., C.F. Jordan, and J. Sarukhan. 1988. Soil erosion and nutrient losses in seasonal tropical agroecosystems under various management techniques. J. Applied Ecology.
25: 595-607.

Soil erosion and nutrient losses in seasonal tropical agroecosystems under various management techniques, studied 7 mgt treatments for 2 years including undistubed forest (control), maize, maize wih forest litter as a protective mulch, Panicum maximum, Cenchrus cilaris, and grass strips. Most successful treatment was a mulch placed on maize fields. This reduced erosion by 90% and increased crop productivity by almsot 30%. Soil erosion, nutrient loss, maize, grass strips

341. Maban-Mendoza, N., M.B. Dicklow, and B.M. Zuckerman. 1989. Evaluation of control of Meloidogyne incognita and Nacobbus aberrans on tomato by two leguminous plants. Revue Nématol.
12(4): 409-412.

Evaluation of control of Meloidogyne incognita and Nacobbus aberrans on tomato by two leguminous plants, root knot, nematodes, Concanavalia ensiformis (sword bean) and Mucuna deeringina (velvet bean) in greenhouse pot tests reduced galling caused by nematodes, propose lecting as a explanation for reduced galling, green manure, organic matter, disease, cover crops/green manures, mulch

342. MacLean, J.T. 1986. Legumes in Crop Rotations, 1970-1983. Nat. Agric. Lib., Beltsville, MD. 25 pp.

Legumes/rotations/organic matter/green manures/cover crops, mulch

343. Macmillan, H.F. and I.E.a.R.A.R. revised by H.S. Barlow. 1991. Tropical planting and gardening (other titles: Macmillan's tropical planting & gardening. and Tropical planting & gardening. 6th ed. Malayan Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
traditional agriculture, tropics, mulches, trees of the tropics, agroforestry, fruits, spices, beverages crops, drug crops, rubber,
pests management, fiber, grass and forage, erosion, Very detailed description of tropical agriculture and planting

344. Magdoff, F. 1993. Building Soils for Better Crops: Organic Matter Management. Univ. of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE. 176 pp.

soil organic matter, management, plant nutrients, humus, animal manures, composts, cover crops, green manures, rotation, mulch

345. Mann, R.A. Year. Sustainability of wheat-rice cropping systems: use of Indigofera tinctoria intercropped with wheat as a green manure for the rice cropCollege, Laguna (Philippines), Philippines Univ. College, Laguna (Philippines), Philippines Univ.: College, Laguna (Philippines), Philippines Univ.

The results showed that indigo interplanting with wheat did not
>affect wheat growth and grain yield. An average wheat grain yield of 2.57
>t/ha under lowland conditions was obtained compared with 2.20 t/ha under
>upland conditions. Indigo grew very slowly during the active growth period
>of wheat, then rapidly in the later period, and accumulated sufficient
>amounts of dry matter and N in 9 growth duration of 165 days up to soil
>incorporation at rice transplanting. A range of 4-9.5 t/ha dry matter yield
>of indigo with N addition of 107-257 kg N/ha was obtained under lowland
>conditions; under upland, the respective figures were 3-6 t/ha with 87-180
>kg N/ha. In transplanted rice, green manure increased N release, leaf area
>index, total dry matter and grain yield over the control. A range of
>4.6-5.0 t/ha was achieved with the green manure treatments compared with
>the 3.5 t/ha yield of the control. However, the effect of different plant
>densities of green manure was not observed. On the other hand, green manure
>did not increase the grain yield of upland rice. A supplemental dose of
>inorganic fertilizer was found more effective than green manure. An average
>of 1.2 t/ha paddy yield of dry seeded rice was obtained. In the third field
>experiment, wheat was sown on three dates with an interval of 15 days,
>while indigo was interplanted with wheat at the same day 30, or 60 days
>later. The results indicated that indigo intercropped with wheat either at
>the same day or 30 days later did not adversely affect wheat growth and
>grain yield. An average of 2.18 t/ha grain yield was recorded, the highest
>with the early sown wheat. Indigo crop grown at earlier dates produced
>higher biomass and accumulated more N compared with that where sowing was
>delayed for a maximum of 60 days. Rice grain yield was increased with high
biomass green manure particularly when indigo was interplanted with early
sowing dates of wheat. The fourth experiment conducted under a controlled
environment showed that indigo growth was not possible at temperature as
low as 18/12 deg C and at 9/15 h photoperiod. mulch

346. Marban-Mendoza, N., M.B. Dicklow, and B.M. Zuckerman. 1989. Evaluation of Meloidogyne incognita and Nacobbus aberrans on tomato by two leguminous plants. Revue Nematology.
12.(4): 409-412.

mucuna, velvet bean, Canavalia ensiformis, root knot nematodes, biological control, disease, cover crops/green manures, mulch

347. Marban-Mendoza, N., M.B. Dicklow, and B.M. Zuckerman. 1992. Control of Meloidogyne incognita on tomato by two leguminous plants. Fundam. Appl. Nematology.
15: 97-100.

mucuna, velvet bean, Canavalia ensiformis, root knot nematodes, tomato, Pueria phaseoloides, Arachis pintoi, disease, cover crops/green manures, mulch

348. Martin, J.H. 1975. Principles of Field Crop Production. Macmillian, New York. 1118 pp.

field crop production, rotation, fallow, tillage practices, green manures, cover crops, leaching, erosion, fertilizers, mulch

349. Martin Ramirez, P. 1992. Characterization of frijol tapado producers in Costa Rica . pp. --- In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.
Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Slash/Mulch: How farmers use it, and what researchers know about it. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.

Characterization of frijol tapado producers in Costa Rica, minimum tillage, slash/mulch, mulching, beans,

350. Massing, A. 1980. The Economic Anthropology of the Kru (West Africa). Franz Steiner Verlag, Wiesbaden, Germany. 281 pp.

Among the Mande, broadcasting of seed grain and tillage by hoe require a more thorough cleaning of the farm site lest a large part of the seed rice be lost. On the other hand, the Kru method i. e. planting by hoe or dibble-stick, can be effected between the debris without waste of seed grain. The differences of field preparation and planting between the We and Mande areas and the Southem area seem associated with ecological zones which crosscut the KCA. It is popular belief shared by many Europeans that the Kru are lazy because they do not remove debris from their fields and reburn it. But it appears that the vegetal material left on the field provides protection against the more intense rainfall in the coastal zones and, at the same time, gradually releases nutrients to the soil during a longer growing season. The longer dry season in the interior of the KCA and in the Mande area and less intense rainfall require greater exposure of seeds to rain and a maximum release of nutrients to the soil during a shorter growing period than at the coast. It is also possible that planting minimizes the danger of seed grain being washed away by heavy rains, a danger which is less serious in the interior. In the light of the low population densities consideration should also be given to the greater scarcity of labor as a factor causing the differences in work intensity. Kru, slash and burn, slash/mulch (pages 124-125), Liberia, Ivory Coast, agricultural, rice systems,

351. Mathew, A.V. and S. Balakrishnan. 1982. Yellow mosaic of velvet bean (Stizolobium derringianum Bort.). Madras Agric J., Coimbatore, K.K. Mathan, India.
69(2): pp. 119-120.

velvetbean, mucuna, virus, disease, India, cover crops/green manures, mulch

352. McCalla, T.M. and D.L. Plucknett. 1981. Collecting, transporting, and processing organic fertilizers . In: Plucknett, D.L. and H. L. Beemer, Jr. Vegetable Farming Systems in China. Westview Press, Boulder, CO.,
Manure/fertilizers/organic matter/organic amendments/aquatic plants/mulching/Chinese

353. Medina., A. and e. al. 1997. Experiencias sobre cultivos de cobertura y abonos verdes. CIDICCO. Honduras, 131 pp.

cover crops, green manures, mulch

354. Meitzner, L.S. and M.L. Price. 1996. Amaranth to Zai Holes. Ideas for Growing Food Under Difficult Conditions.
: 404 pp.

mulches, green manures, cover crops, ECHO organization, tropical crops, animals, soils, water, health, etc., cereals, vegetables, mulch

355. Melara, W. and L.d. Río. 1994. The use of minimum tillage and leguminous cover crops in Honduras. . pp. 53-59. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How Farmers Use It, and What Researchers Know About It. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.,
Honduras, use of minimum tillage and leguminous cover crops in Honduras, Slash/Mulch Practices, mucuna, velvet bean, mulching, Latin America, cover crops/green manures, mulch

356. Mello, J.D. and C. Devendra, ed. 1995. Tropical Legumes in Animal Nutrition. CAB International: Wallinford, England. 338 pp.

legumes as animal feed, tropical legumes, cover crops, green manures, animal nutrition,, mulch ISBN 0851989268

357. Mercado, J., F. Calderon, and H. Sosa. 1994. Systems for sowing with mulches: Conservation tillage without burning, an alternative for sustainable agriculture . . pp. 43-52. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How Farmers Use It, and What Researchers Know About It. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY., Ithaca, NY.

El Salvador, Conservation tillage without burning, an alternative for agricultural sustainability, Slash/Mulch Practices, mucuna, velvet bean, frijol tapado cover crops/green manures, mulch

358. Merwin, I.A., W.F. Wilcox, and W.C. Stiles. 1992. Influence of orchard ground management on the development of Phytophthora crown and root rots of apple. Plant Disease.
76: 199-205.

Influence of orchard ground management on the development of Phytophthora crown and root rots of apple, organic matter, straw mulch of apple trees caused a significant increase in Phytophthora crown and root rots (35% infection). Apple trees growing in the sod grass and crown vetch "living mulch" remained free of these diseases, where as apple trees growing in the other 5 ground cover vegetation management systems had up to 6% infection incidence (Abawi)

359. Mestanza I. and C. Alberto. 1994. A traditional slash/mulch system for beans in Peru . pp. 85-87. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How Farmers Use It, and What Researchers Know About It. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.,
traditional slash/mulch system for beans in Peru, minimum tillage, mulching, slash/mulch for potatoes, haragan chacra, frijol tapado

360. Metzner, J.K. 1976. Lamtoronisasi, an experiment in soil conservation,. Bull. of Indonesian Studies.
2: 103-109.

alley cropping, Indonesia, slash/mulch

361. Mohyuddin, A.I. and D.J. Greathead. 1970. An annotated list of the parasites of graminaceious stem boreres in East Africa, with a discussion of their potential in biological control. Entomophaga.
15: 241-274.

Seshu Reddy refered to adverse impacts of mulching with infested stems. Biocontrol, sorghum, millet, mulching

362. Moldenhauer, W.C. and N.W. Hudson, ed. 1988. Conservation Farming on Steep Lands. Soil and Water Conservation Soc.: World Association of Soil and Water Conservation: Ankeny, Iowa. 296 pp.

p. x - "The United States, for example, loses about 3 billion tons of its valuable topsoil each year." conservation, soil erosion, hillsides, Thailand, Africa, Indonesia, Jamaica, Korer, Ethiopia, Venezuela, elephant grass barriers, terraces, Kenya, Malawi, Taiwan, Peru. Honduras, Dominican Republic, soil degredation, sustainable, mulch, S622.2 C75 1988

363. Monegat, C. 1991. Plantas de Cobertura do Solo. Caracteristicas e Manejo em Pequenas Propiedades. Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil. 337 pp.

cover crops, green manures, Brazil, no-till, slash/mulch, mucuna, velvet bean, erosion, organic matter, mulching, organic amendments, mulch

364. Mora, L. and R.A. Moreno. 1978. Incidencia y severidad de la roya del frijol (Uromyces phaseoli) en monocultivo y associado con maiz. Programa Cooperativo Centroamericano Para el Mejoramiento de Cultivos Alimenticios, 1: 24 Reunion Annual PCCMCA. PCCMCA, San Salvador, El Salvador. L24/1-L24/2.

Maize acts as a barrier for bean rust spores, lower incidence and severity of rust in beans associated with maize, mulch reduced rain splashing Multiple cropping/Uromyces appendiculatus/fungi

365. Mora, L. and R.A. Moreno. 1984. Cropping pattern and soil management influence on plant diseases: Diplodia macrospora leaf spot of maize. Turrialba.
34: 35-40.

with mulch higher incidence and severity of disease Burn/fire/heat/ear rot/crop residues/Diplodia macrospora leaf spot of maize/fungi

366. Moran, E.F., ed. 1978. Studies in Third World Societies. Publ. No. 7. Dept. of Anthropology., College of William and Mary: Williamsburg, VA. 118 pp.

Amazon, tropical forests, shifting, slash and burn, slash/mulch, irrigation, transamazon highway, colonization, potatoes, Werge, Brush

367. Moreno, R.A. and L.E. Mora. 1984. Cropping pattern and soil management influence on plant diseases. II. Bean rust epidemiology. Turrialba.
34: 41-45.

Multiple cropping reduces disease. More bean rust in monoculture, less in mixed bean/maize. Uromyces appendiculatus, lower incidence and severity in beans associated with maize, mulch reduced rain splash and so reduced early spread of the disease fungi,

368. Moreno, R. 1994. The effect of using mulches with intercropping . pp. 191-205. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.
Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How farmers use it, and what researchers know about it. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.

Multiple cropping interactions in the slash/mulch system, frijol tapado, minimum tillage, Central America, mulching, intercropping

369. Morren, G. and D. Hyndman. 1987. The Taro Monoculture of Central New Guinea. Human Ecology.
15(3): 301 - 315.

The Mountain Ok people (28,000) live in the middle of New Guinea. They use a combination slash and burn and slash/mulch agriculture system. Their preferred crop is taro (Colocasia spp.) Papua New Guinea, slash/mulch, taro HM206 M895

370. Moscoso, B. and W.R. Raun. Year. Evaluación del efecto de diferentes cultivos en relevo con maiz. Panamá: Trabajo presentado en la XXXVIII Reunión Anual del Programa Cooperativa para el Mejoramiento de Cultivos y Animales (PCCMCA).

Mucuna, Canavalia, cover crops, green manures, maiz, Guatemala, no-till, mulch

371. Muimba-Kankolongo, A., et al. 1989. Outbreak of an unusual stem tip dieback of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in western Zaire. Agric. Ecosystems and Environment.
25: 151-164.

Planting date/Zaire/Central Africa Cassava stem tip dieback of unknown etiology. Mulching and late planting reduce incidence of dieback

372. Muller, R. and P.S. Gooch. 1982. Organic amendments in nematode control: An examination of the literature. Nematropica.
12: 319-326.

fertilizer/trap crops/cover crops/
biological control/rotations/waste/crop residues/soil/mulching/organic matter 125 papers found about use of organic amendments for control of nematodes. Oil cakes most popular, but sawdust, compost, green manure, chicken manure also used.

373. Mulongoy, K. and e. al. 1986. The role and potential of forage legumes in alley cropping, live mulch and rotation systems in humid and subhumid tropical Africa. . ILCA. Potentials of forage legumes in farming sytems of sub-saharan Africa., Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

374. Mulongoy, K. and N. Sanginga. 1990. Nitrogen contribution by Leucaena in alley cropping. IITA Research.
1(1): 14-17.

Nitrogen contribution by Leucaena/alley cropping/slash/mulch/Africa

375. Mulongoy, K. and I.O. Akobundo. 1992. Agronomic and economic benegits of N contributed by legumes in live-mulch and alley cropping systems. IITA Research No.
4: 12-16.

Agronomic and economic benefits of N contributed by legumes in live-mulch and alley cropping systems/gives findings of 10 years of experiments at IITA, in alley cropping system trees are pruned (ie. slashed), incorporation of prunings gave higher yields than surface applications, organic matter

376. Mulongoy, K., M. Gueye, and D.S.C. Spencer, ed. 1992. Biological Nitrogen Fixation and Sustainability of Tropical Agriculture. Wiley: New York. 488 pp.

nitrogen fixing systems, alley cropping, green manures, cover crops, slash/mulch, Rhizobium, Leucaena, Gliricidia, mulch

377. Mulongoy, K. and R. Merckx, ed. 1993. Soil organic matter dynamics and sustainability of tropical agriculture. Wiley: New York. 406 pp.

soil organic matter management, traditional and modern systems, nutrient cycling, soil fertility, alley cropping, mulch, chitemene, earthworms S599.9 T7 S68 1993

378. Nagarajah, S. and B.M. Nizar. 1982. Wild sunflower as a green manure for rice in the mid country wet zone. Trop Agric (Colombo, Colombo: Ceylon, Dept. of Agriculture,.
138: 69-80.

Sri-lanka, Tithonia-diversifolia, wild sunflower, green-manures, crop-yield., oryza-sativa, mulch

379. Nair, P.K.R. 1984. Soil Productivity Aspects of Agro-forestry. In: ICRAF. Science and Practice of Agro-forestry. Nairobi, Kenya.,
Slash and burn/fire/heat/agroforestry/multiple cropping/mixed gardens/alley cropping/mulching/architecture/multistorey cropping

380. Nair, P.K.R. 1988. Use of perennial legumes in Asian farming systems . IRRI. Green Manure in Rice Farming : Proceedings of a Symposium on Sustainable Agriculture : the Role of Green Manure Crops in Rice Farming Systems., Manila, Philippines.

improved fallow in shifting cultivation, home gardens, mulch, green manure, uses of 31 perennial legume species, mulch

381. Nair, P.K.R., B.T. Kang, and D.C.L. Kass. 1995. Nutrient cycling and soil-erosion control in agroforestry systems . ASA Special Publ. No. 60. Am. Soc. Agronomy, Agriculture and the Environment: Bridging food production and environmental protection in developing countries., Madison, WI.

food production, environmental protection, developing countries, soil erosion, nutrient cycling, alley farming, mulches, agroforestry

382. Napopeth, B. and K.G. MacDickent, ed. 1990. Leucaena Psyllid. Winrock: . 208 pp.

Leucaena, Psyllid, alley cropping, insects, leafhopper, slash/mulch

383. Navarro, A.R. and R.B. O. 1970. Control de nematodos fitoparasiticos por medio de rotacion con cultivos resistentes a estos organismos. Revista Instituto Colombiano Agropec.
5(3): 173-184.

marigolds/biological control/organic matter/rotations/Colombia/South America/cover crops, mulch Rotation experiments at Palmira in fields with large nematode populations showed that nematode populations were reduced by Tagetes and also to a lesser extent by Crotalaria spectablis which is more acceptable because of its use as a green manure crop.

384. Neigbors, W. 1993? Improving your diet with velvetbean. World Neigbors Newsletter for Project Personnel.
23(2E): 4 pp.

negative effects of L-dopa, nutritional benefits of velvetbean, recipes, cover crops/green manures, mulch velvetbean, mucuna, CIDICCO, L-dopa, levadopa,

385. Neighbors, W. 1990. Integrated Farm Management. III. Practical Guide to Dryland Farming. World Neighbors, Oklahoma City, OK. 36 pp.

Integrated Farm Management. Practical Guide to Dryland Farming. Terraces, Leucaena, agroforestry, grass barriers, firewood, compost, green manures, livestock, mulch Lucy Fisher supervised production of booklet

386. Neighbors, W. 1993. Nutri-Kitchen: The Best Velvetbean Recipies of World Neighbors/ACORDE. World Neighbors, International Headquarters, Oklahoma City, OK. 57 pp.

Also in Spanish as: Nutri-Cocina: Los Mejores Recetas a Base de Frijol Abono de Vecinos Mundiales/ACORDE velvet bean, L-dopa, recipes, nutritive value, cost, preparation, green manure/cover crops, mucuna, coffee, tortillas, mulch

387. Neighbors, W. 19?? Improving your diet with velvetbean. World Neighbors Newsletter for Project Personnel.
23(2E): 4 pp.

gives recipes for preparing velvetbeans and points out possible problems with the consumption of velvetbeans (24% protein, 58% carbohydrate, and 5 % fiber), velvetbean, recipes, CIDICCO, l-dopa, levodopa, cover crops/green manures, mulch

388. Nene, Y.L. 1993. Sustainable agriculture: future hope for developing countries. ICRISAT Publication no. CP-849, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India. 24 pp.

"In fact 60% of the world's arable land is under traditional farming systems (CGIAR 1992)."Mahatma Gandhi had once said " Earth provides enough food to satisfy every man's need, but not enought for every man's greed" sustainable agriculture, wheat-rice rotation, soil solarization, India, soil erosion, organic matter, green manures, CIAT's rice pasture system for acidic savannas is praiseworthy, slash/mulch

389. Nill, D. and E. Nill. 1993. The efficient use of mulch layers to reduce runoff . pp. 367-375. In: Mulongoy, K. and R. Merckx (eds.). Soil organic matter dynamics and sustainability of tropical agriculture. Wiley, New York.

The influence of different rates of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) mulch on runoff and soil loss was investigated under simulated rainfall conditions and the decomposition of the mulch was monitored over one cropping season. With 20% and 60% cover, runoff was reduced by 30% and 60%, respectively, compared with the control; this was the result of reduced surface sealing and thus higher infiltration of the covered plots. Compared with the uncovered plot, soil loss was 12% with 20% cover and almost negligible with 60% cover. There was no runoff or soil loss with 100% cover. Between 1.5 t/ha and 13.0 t/ha of fresh biomass were required to provide between 20 and 100% cover. Up to 60% cover, the cover effect increased linearly. Above 60%, the cover effect was reduced because of the overlapping of the mulch material. Decomposition during one cropping season reduced the 60,80 and 100% cover treatments to 15, 15 and 50%, respectively, and the 20% and 40% cover treatments to only 5%. Lower than average daily rainfall was accompanied by higher rates of decomposition. mulch, runoff, Guinea grass (Panicum maximum), Cameroom

390. Nonegat, C. 1991. Plantas do Cobertura do Solo. Claudino Monegat, Chapeco, SC, Brazil.,
cover crops, green manures, Brazil, mulch

391. Norman, M.J.T. 1979. Annual Cropping Systems in the Tropics: An Introduction. Univ. Florida Press, Gainesville, FL. 276 pp.

Cropping Systems, slash and burn, nothing on slash/mulch, multiple cropping, fallow, rotation, farming systems

392. Nuñez, M. Year. Una alternativa para el control de malezas en el cultivo de maíz en el litoral Atlantico de Honduras.Presentado en la XXVIII Reunion Anual PCCMCA, San José, Costa Rica. p. 14. San José, Costa Rica.: PCCMCA.

cover crops/green manure, an alternative for the control of weeds in maize in Honduras, Velvet beans, Mucuna, green manures, organic matter, mulching, organic amendments, mulch Not seen - Cited in E. Duron

393. Nygren, P. and C. Ramirez. 1995. Production and turnover of N2 fixing nodules in relation to foliage development in periodically pruned Erythrina poeppiginana (Leguminosae) trees. Forest Ecology and Management.
73: 59-73.

Nodules decomposed 2 weeks after pruning. "Pruning residues contributed 67%, foliage litterfall between prunings 24% and nodule turnover 9% of the potential N supply of 137-238 g per tree by E. poeppiginana to the soil during the study period, with minor variations between sources in percentage." Erythrina poeppiginana, poró, agroforestry, pruning, slash/mulch, coppicing, coppice, nitrogen,

394. Okigbo, B.N. 1977. Legumes in farming systems of the humid tropics . pp. 61-72 In: Ayanaba, A. and P. J. Dart. Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Farming Systems of the Tropics. Wiley, New York., New York.

mulch, legumes, farming systems, fallow, cover crops, green manures,

395. Okigbo, B.N. and R. Lal. 1982. Residue mulches, intercropping and agri-silviculture potential in tropical Africa . In: Hill, S. Basic Techniques in Ecological Farming. Birkhuser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland.,
Found rice hull mulch increased maize yields by 0.7 tons/hectare and cassava by 12 tons/hectare. "As mulches minimize soil erosion, crop yield can be sustained without requiring bush fallow rotation." Describe experiments with 22 different mulching treatments. intercropping/organic matter/organic amendments/agroforestry/multiple cropping/mixed gardens/no tillage/minimum tillage/crop residue/sanitation/rotations

396. Okigbo, B.N. and R. Lal. 1982. Effective conservation farming systems for the humid tropics . pp. 57-76. In: El-Swaify, S. A. et al. (ed.) Soil Erosion and Conservation in the Tropics. American Soc. Agron. Spec. Publ. 43. ASA and SSSA.,, Madison, WI,.

mulch, soil erosion in tropics

397. Okigbo, B.N. and R. Lal. 1982. Residue mulches, intercropping and agri-silviculture potential in tropical Africa. . pp. 54-69. In: Hill, S. Basic Techniques in Ecological Farming. Birkhuser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland.

Residue mulches, intercropping, soil erosion, cover crops, green manures

398. Olasantan, F.O. 1992. Vegetable production in traditional farming systems in Nigeria. Outlook on Agriculture.
21: 117-127.

vegetables, vegetables, pot herbs, weeds, Amaranthus, mounds, raised beds, staking, architecture, mulching, mixed cropping, multiple cropping, Nigeria, leafy green vegetables, tropical vegetable leaves

399. Orozco-Segovia, A.D.L. and S.R. Gliessman. Year. The Marceño in flood-prone regions of Tabasco, Mexico. Paper presented in Symposium on Mexican Agroecosystems, 43rd International Congress of Americanists, Vancouver, Canada. 15 pp.

swampy areas are inundated 3-7 months at a time, vegetation slashed with a machete, maize planted and dry vegetation burned, yields of maize were 4-5 tons/ha. in 1977 near Cardenas, some yields of 7-10 tons/ha have been reported, maize varieties used were mején and cuarentano. The Marceño (siembra de Marzo) in flood-prone regions of Tabasco, Mexico, flooding, popal (Thalia geniculata L.), mulch system, Chontales Indians, slash/mulch, doblando, HDT file

400. Ortiz, R.A., E. Villalobos, and O. Fernandez. 1992. Mulch and fertilizer effect on soil nutrient content, water conservation and oil palm growth. ASD Oil Palm Papers.
6: 1-11.

effect of empty fruit bunches and palm shell mulches on soil nutrient content, etc. oil palm, mulch,

401. Osborn, A. and F. Melo. 1987. La alimentación Kwaiker dentro de su contexto agricola. ICBF, Pasto, Narino.
: .

tapado, Narino, Colmbia, Andes, mulching, slash/mulch, maize,

402. Osei-Bonsu, P., et al. 1995. Traditional uses of mucuna and Canavalia in Ghana In . CIMMYT Internal Document.
Mucuna and Canavalia have been grown as minor food crops by traditional farmers in Ghana for at least a century and the seed is used in soups and stews. Boiling the seed and discarding the water makes it safe. Little use of mucuna as a cover crops. mucuna, velvet bean, Canavalia, Africa, cover crops/green manure, mulch

403. Ospina, T. 1913. Agricultura Colombiana: Notas de un curso dictado en la Univ. de Antioquia por... Ex rector de la Escuela de Minas y vice-presidente de Primer Congreso Agricola Colombiano. Imp. de 'La Familia Cristiana', Medillin., 321 pp.

mulching/minimum tillage/slash/mulch Coined name 'tapado' (cited in Patino, 1965).

404. Osward, J.W. and O.A. Lorenz. 1956. Soybeans as a green manure crop for the prevention of potato scab. Phytopathology (Abstr.).
46: 22.

Soybeans as green manure gave good control of potato scab. Biological Control/mulching/organic matter/organic amendments/soil/fungi/bacteria/Streptomyces scabies, actinomycetes, mulch

405. Othieno, C.O. 1978. An assessment of soil erosion on a field of yound tea under different soil management practices . In: Westley, S. D. et al. (eds.) Soil and Water Conservation in Kenya. Occassional Paper No. 27. Inst. Dev. Studies, Univ. of Nairobi, Kenya., Nairobi, Kenya.

mulching young tea prevented erosion on steep slopes in Kenya. Also interplanting tea with oats.

406. Pachico, D. and E. Borbon. 1987. Technical change in traditional small farm agriculture: the case of beans in Costa Rica. Agric. Administration and Extension.
26: 65-74.

Technical change in traditional small farm agriculture: the case of beans in Costa Rica, frijol tapado, minimum tillage, Central America, mulching, slash/mulch, high input "espequeado", varieties for tapado HDT file - Missing from Mann

407. Padwick, G.W. 1983. Fifty years of experimental agriculture II. The maintenance of soil fertility in tropical Africa: a review. Experimental Agriculture.
19(4): 293-310.

slash and burn, shifting agriculture, soil fertility, organic manures, green manures, mulches, legumes, mulch

408. Paganini, L.A. 1970. The agricultural systems of the Chucuna/Tuira Basin in the Darien Province, Panama In . Univ. of Florida, Gainesville. 244 pp.
The agricultural systems of the Chucuna/Tuira Basin in the Darien Province, Panama, slash/mulch, slash and burn, fire, fallow, rotations, "In certain parts of the Darien, however, particularly those areas settled by Colombiano refugees and Nonameño Indians, a "slash-mulch" cultivation is practiced. Slash-mulch was first reported by West as being the predominant system in the Pacific Lowlands of Colombia." ---" The practitioners of the slash-mulch system, however, do not used that term as a descriptive title to their peculiar activity. Planting in "tierra cruda" is thier way of differentiating the sladh and mulch from the slash and burn, the latter being called planting in " tierra quemada. IN addition to the advantages explained in West's quotation, the farmers add, as with those who cut fire-breaks, that their "tierra cruda" plots also suffer far less from insect attacts than those plots that are burned." p. 162-163. Chinese raised beds for vegetables near Panama City were heavily mulched p. 229.

409. Palti, J. 1981. Cultural Practices and Infectious Crop Diseases. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 243 pp.

Multiple Cropping/cultural practices/shade/suppressive soils/weed/burn/fire/heat/flooding/fallow/organic matter/organic amendments/mulching/roguing/bacteria/fungi/nematodes/virus/depth of planting EXCELLENT SOURCE OF INFORMATION ON CULTURAL CONTROLS OF PLANT DISEASE. roguing (p. 88-89)

410. Pandey, R.K. 1991. A primer on organic-based rice farming. International Rice Research Institute and International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria, Manila, Philippines. 201 pp.

describes 50 legumes suited to various rice-growing environments rice, organic farming, green manure crops, mulch

411. Papavizas, G.C. 1973. Status of applied biological control of soil-borne plant pathogens. Soil Biol. Biochem.
5: 709-720.

Organic matter/soilborne pathogens/biological control/mulching

412. Patiño, V.M. 1956. El maiz chococito. Am. Indigena.
16: 309-346.

Slash/mulch/Choco/Colombia/South America/maize/mulching/Ecuador/tapado

413. Patiño, V.M. 1962. El maiz chococito: Notas sobre su cultivo en America ecuatorial. Revista Interamericana de Ciencias Sociales, (Washington , DC).
1(3): 358-388.

Used tapado in Veraguas, Panama and la cuenca del Rio Sarapiqui, Costa Rica. True Jivaros broadcast seed before cutting vegetation, starting with the smallest trees. Have special primitive maize 'chococito' for tapado. For slash and burn have different kind of maize. Believe one-year old seed is more resistant to insects and to excessive moisture. List insects, rodents and birds attacking maize. Beans/mulching/Central America/fire/heat/minimum tillage/slash/mulch/Ecuador

414. Patiño, V.M. 1965. Historia de la Actividad Agropecuaria en America Equinoccia. 1a Edicion. Imprenta Departmental., Cali, Colombia. 601 pp.

Describes tapado (p. 58). Ascribes name to Tulio Ospina (1913). Used by natives in Choco. Miguel Cabello Balboa (1945 - cited in Patino, p. 59) noticed the natives in the coast of Ecuador in 1577 "no hacen mas que arrojar el maiz en la montaña y coratar el monte encima y acude la cosecha: ciento por uno." Other references and descriptions follow of tapado. Describes planting in mounds. maize/ridges/South America/slash and burn/fire/heat/mulching/hilling/minimum tillage/slash/mulch/tapado/Andes/Choco/
raised/tropical agriculture S473.9 P29

415. Patrick, Z.A., T.A. Toussoun, and L.W. Koch. 1964. Effect of crop-residue decomposition products on plant roots. Annu. Rev. Phtopathology.
2: 267-292.

Organic matter/mulching/phytotoxic/biological control/crop residues/toxins Negative effects of organic amendments.

416. Patrick, Z.A. and T.A. Toussoun. 1965. Plant residues and organic amendments in relation to biological control . In: Baker, K. F. and Synder, W. C. Ecology of Soil-borne Plant Pathogens: Prelude to Biological Control. Univ. of Calif. Press, Berkely, CA.,
Negative effects of organic amendments. "Many of these practices were arrived at empirically; in some cases, well before much knowledge about the microbial ecology of the soil was available." (p. 440) Mulching/biological control/organic matter/crop residues/soil/toxins

417. Pavy, P.D.I. 1967. The provenience of Colombian Negros. J. of Negro History.
47: 36-58.

slash/mulch system, maize

418. Peck, R.B. 1990. Promoting agroforestry practices among small producers: the case of the Coca Agroforestry Project in Amazonian Ecuador . pp. 167-180. In: Anderson, A. B. (ed.) Alternatives to deforestation: steps towards sustainable use of the Amazon rain forest. Columbia University Press New York.,
Oil exploration and road building have allowed eastern Ecuador to become an
active area of colonization. Three perennial production systems, all
associated with trees, are practised in the region: swidden agriculture
('chacra' - slash and mulch), plantations of robusta coffee and cattle pastures. The Coca Agroforestry Project was implemented in 1984 to make
existing farming systems more sustainable. The project promotes agroforestry systems using on-farm demonstrations and field trials rather by building a large extension service. Feedback from farmers' experience enables the demonstrations to adopt site-specific components. The project has established a nursery and has developed techniques for saving labour in establishing
legume cover crops and trees in pastures, the use of live fences and the
restoration of degraded pastures. By late 1987, more than 200 farm
demonstrations (1-12 ha) were promoting 27 native tree species in mixed
associations. 16 ref. slash/mulch system, Ecuador, coca, tropical forests, chacra, deforestation; Agroforestry; Agroforestry systems; development projects; demonstration farms; field experimentation, Napo Quichua, ISBN: 0-231-06892-1

419. Peck, R.B. and J.P. Bishop. 1992. Management of secondary tree species in agroforestry systems to improve production sustainability in Amazonian Ecuador. Agroforestry Systems.
17(1): pp. 53-63.

production systems (robusta coffee, cattle pastures and shifting
agriculture/managed fallows), all associated with trees, have been developed
spontaneously by small farmers (both colonists and indigenous groups) settling
in the tropical lowlands of the Napo Province of Ecuador, on an allocated 50
ha of land each. Centred on Coca, the Ecuadorean Forestry Directorate, with
financial and technical assistance from USAID Agroforestry; Farm forestry; development projects; Forest management; sustainability; small farms; Cultural control; ground cover, cover crops/green manures, Ecuador, mulch S494.5 A45 A28 - Mann Library

420. Pereira, H.C. and P.A. Jones. 1954. Field responses by Kenya coffee to fertilizers, manures, and mulches. Empire J. of Exp. Agriculture.
22: 23-36.

Field responses by Kenya coffee to fertilizers, manures, and mulching;
mulches of grasses (ie. maize stover, elephant grass, and sorghum stalks) brought in from outside of the field and applied before rains gave large increases in yield. Soil structure improved, and more nutrient supplied by grass mulches than removed by the coffee harvest/organic matter,

421. Pereira, H.C. and P.A. Jones. 1954. Field responses by Kenya coffee to fertilizers, manures, and mulches. Empire J. of Exp. Agriculture.
22: 23-36.

Field responses by Kenya coffee to fertilizers, manures, and mulching;
mulches of grasses (ie. maize stover, elephant grass, and sorghum stalks) brought in from outside of the field and applied before rains gave large increases in yield. Soil structure improved, and more nutrient supplied by grass mulches than removed by the coffee harvest/organic matter,

422. Persoon, G.A. and F. Wiersum. 1991. Anthropology in a forest environment . pp. 85-104. In: P. Kloos and H. J. M. Claessen (eds.) Contemporary Anthropology in the Netherlands. The Use of Anthropological Ideas. Vrije Univ. Press, Amersterdam.,
Of special interest here is the field which is cleared in the forest. Once a good site has been selected the men start to clear the undergrowth. Before they cut down the big trees they plant already shoots of various kinds of bananas, tubers and some other plants. Once this is done they cut down the trees. Trees nor leaves or branches are being burned. They a all left to rot gradually. So once the trees are cut the field looks chaotic with trunks and branches fallen over another. Gradually however the leaves wither. A few weeks after tree cutting numerous other plants (such as various species of bamboo and seedlings of fruit trees) are planted, followed often a few months later by seeds of seedlings of various kinds of fruit trees. This process of gradual plant establishment continues for over a number of years. The bananas, tubers and other plants can be harvested for about two to four years. After that period the fruit trees start to dominate the vegetation and the farmer has to look for another place to grow these food products again. In the years that follow the fruit trees will continue to grow, but so will the spontaneous secondary vegetation. The forest regains more or less its original structure al though it is a forest dominated by fruit trees.

The Mentawaian way of converting primary forest into a forest of fruit trees is ecologically sound and sustainable and rather different from many other systems of shifting cultivation in Southeast Asia. By not burning the leaves and trees, and by limiting the size of fields there is almost no erosion. Also the topsoil is not disturbed. And because of the gradual decomposition process of the cut vegetation there is a slow release of nutrients. anthropology, Indonesia, Siberut Island of the Mentawai Islands are off the W. coast of Sumatra, slash/mulch, soil conservation, tropical forest conservation, slash and burn, fire,

423. Pieters, A.J. 1927. Green Manuring Principles and Practice. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 356 pp.

Comprehensive treatment of green manuring, Definitions= "Green manuring is the practice of enriching the soil by turning under undecomposed plant material (except crop residues) either in place or brought from a distance." " A cover crop is one planted for the purpose of covering and protecting the soil." Organic matter/green manures/cover crops/manure, mulch S661 P5

424. Pieters, A.J. 1928. Abonos verdes para la America Tropical. Boletin de la Union Panamericana.
62: 168-192.

green manures, cover crops, Latin America, mulch

425. Pimbert, M. 1985. A model of host plant change of Zabrotes-subfasciatus coleoptera bruchidae in a traditional bean cropping system in Costa Rica. Biol. Agric. Hortic.
3(1): 39-54.

Field studies in a frijol tapado system showed that an average of 8% of the bean pods were attacked by Zabrotes subfasciatus. Data in insects reproductive biology, slash/mulch, pests, Wild host Phaseolus lunatus was also attacked (9%), and model projects that controlling P. lunatus could reduce damage to beans in field and in storage, mulching,

426. Piper, C.V. and W.J. Morse. 1922. The Velvet Bean. U. S. D. A. Farmer's Bulletin No. 1276, Washington, D. C. 27 pp.

"came into notice as a forage and fertilizing crop about 1890" mainly in Florida, USA had 2,422,000 acres in Southern USA in 1920 and 2,753,000 acres in 1921, had a planter for planting velvet beans and corn in the same row in the same operation, velvet beans planted in rows of corn and between rows of corn, green manure crop, used as a standard feed for livestock - beef catle, dairy cows, swine, horses,
velvet bean caterpillar a problem, used arsenate of lead or zinc arsenite to control, insect reported in Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama and Cuba, velvet bean, Mucuna deeringina, Stizlobium, varieties, history,organic matter, green manures/cover crops, mulch HDT file

427. Piper, C.V. and A.J. Pieters. 1922. Green Manuring. USDA Farmers' Bull. 1250. ed. USDA, Washington, D. C. 45 pp.

organic matter, organic amendments, raised fertilizer, descriptions of different green manures, green manures, cover crops, legumes, nitrogen, mulch

428. Pitty, A. and K.L. Andrews. 1990. Efecto del manejo de malezas y la labranza sobre la babosa del frijol. Turrialba.
40(2): 272-277.

slugs, Honduras, mulching, weeds,

429. Pohl, M., ed. 1985. Prehistoric Lowland Maya Environment and Subsistence Economy. Harvard University Press, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University: Cambridge, Mass.
Ketchi Maya, lowlands, slash/mulch, Belize, Rio Hondo, Olin Library Oversize + E51.H33 P2 v.77

430. Powell, M.H. 1992. Agroforestry project in Ecuador has multiplier effect. NFTA News.
14: 1-2.

agroforestry, slash/mulch, Ecuador, Amazon, tropical forest, coffee, maize, laurel, Gliricidia, Erythrina,

431. Power, J.F., ed. 1987. The Role of Legumes in Conservation Tillage Systems. Soil Conservation Soc. of America: Ankeny, Iowa. 153 pp.

All information on modern no-tillage systems legumes/minimum tillage/green manures/cover crops/erosion, nitrogen, soil-borne pathogens, root disease, intercorpping, multiple, weeds, germplasm, mulch

432. Pruthi, J.S. 1993. Major spices of India : crop management and post-harvest technology. Publications and Information Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, ., New Delhi, India. 514 pp.

spices, India, mulching, mulching with green leaves for growing ginger, 50 tons/ha in two applications, conserves soil moisture and prevents erosion, SB306.14 P78x 1993

433. Pye, T. Year. Agronomic feasibility and efficiency of Indigofera tinctoria as a green manure in rice-based cropping systems.College, Laguna
(Philippines), Philippines Univ. College, Laguna
(Philippines), Philippines Univ.: College, Laguna
(Philippines), Philippines Univ.

Results of the studies revealed that indigo has unique growth and
>adoptive characteristics that permitted it to fit soundly in post-rice and
>pre-rice mungbean/indigo and maize/indigo systems with a considerable
>biological and agronomic efficiency. In the maize/indigo intercrop system,
>maize being four to six times as competitive as indigo, grain yield was not
>affected by indigo intercropping. At the same time, due to its
>indeterminate growth habit, developmental plasticity and ability to utilize
>efficiently the increased aerial and soil space available after the harvest
>of maize, indigo recovered remarkably from the heavily depressive growth
>and contributed substantial dry matter and essential nutrients to the
>following rice with a resultant high rice grain yield (115-116% over
>control). Mungbean was less competitive than indigo. When the intercrops
>were simultaneously planted, mungbean yield was reduced by 26% due to
>indigo intercropping. Delayed planting of indigo (for 26 days relative to
>mungbean in this study) however, resulted to comparable yields of mungbean
>in sole and intercrop systems. Moreover, inspite of relatively less dry
>matter yield compared to that of simultaneously planted indigo with
>mungbean, delayed planted indigo nevertheless contributed dry matter and
>nutrients to the subsequent rice in quantities sufficient for fairly high
>grain yield (63% over control). Biological efficiencies of intercrop
>systems as measured by DMLERs and DMATERs were considerable. Dry matter
>yields of indigo ranged from 6 to 14 t/ha in post-rice cropping systems and
>from 4 to 10 t/ha in pre-rice cropping systems, respectively. The
>competitive relationships among the component crops with respect to N, P,
>K, Ca, Mg were available. However, the nutrient uptake patterns and the
>amount of nutrients, ultimately incorporated in the subsequent rice closely
>corresponded with dry matter yield accumulation patterns and dry matter
>yield of the intercrops. , mulch

434. Quintana, J.O., et al. 1988. Screening legume green manures as nitrogen sources to succeding non-legume crops. II. Incubation in laboratory. Plant and Soil.
111: 81-85.

Screening legume green manures as nitrogen sources to succeding non-legume crops, organic amendments, mulch, organic matter, mulch

435. Quiroga-M., R.R. Year. Uso de leguminosas para recuperación de la estabilidad en agroecosistemas de la Fraylesca, ChiapasWorkshop on Slash/Mulch Practices. Sustainable Production Systems. Turrialba, Costa Rica, October 1992: CIIFAD, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.

Velvet beans, green manures/cover crops, organic matter, mulching, organic amendments, slash/mulch, mucuna, organic matter, erosion, slash and burn, Canavalia, Cajanus cajan, mung bean, Vigna, cassava, kudzu, mulch

436. Ramamoorthy, M. and K. Paliwal. 1993. Allelopathic compounds in leaves of Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. and its effect on Sorghum vulgare L. Journal of Chemical Ecology.
19: 1691-1701.

Allelochemicals from Gliricidia sepium were extracted, identified, and
quantified using HPLC. These compounds from the plant extracts were tested on the
seeds of the crop plant, Sorghum vulgare. Rate of germination of the seeds and root elongation were found to be inhibited by the various compounds of the extract. Different quantities of Gliricidia leaf mulch, viz., 400, 800, and 1200 g/m2 applied to the Sorghum grown fields, were found to effectively control weeds. Mulching improved the total yield of Sorghum. Leaf manuring and mulching showed better crop
yield when applied up to 800 g of Gliricidia leaf/m2. Crop yield was better in mulch-applied fields when compared to the manure-applied ones. leaves. allelopathy. plant-composition. phytotoxicity. phenolic-compounds. germination. inhibition. weed-control. mulching.

437. Ramirez, C., et al. 1990. Advances in Erythrina research at CATIE . pp. 96-105 In: Werner, D. and P. Müller, ed. 1990. Fast Growing Trees and Nitrogen Fixing Trees. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart.,
CATIE , Costa Rica, agroforestry, Erythrina, nitrogen fixing, slash/mulch, pruning, shade

438. Rava, C.A. 1991. Producción artesanal de semilla mejorado de frijol. Proyecto FAO-TCP/NIC/8956(E). Agosto de 1991, Managua, Nicaragua.
PAGE 37. Consiste en realizar la siembra del frijol al voleo, entre la maleza y, posteriormente, cortarla con machete. Las plantas de frijol, despues de germinar, van a salir a traves de esta cobertura muerta. Aunque los costos son minimos, los rendimientos son bajos (500 kg/ha o 15.5 qq/mz). Tambien se requiere sembrar unos 100 kg/ha (155 libras /mz) de semilla. El metodo tiene la ventaja de combatir la erosion y es optimo para sembrar en pendiente. Tambien permite controlar enfermedades diseminadas por el salpique, tales como la mustia hilachosa y el anublo o tizon bacteriano comun. Por estas razones es muy empleado en las siembras de apante en la Costa Atlantica. Este sistema de siembra, si bien permite la obtencion de cosechas en zonas marginales, debera ser mas estudiado antes de ser recomendado para la produccion artesanal de semillas mejoradas de frijol. frijol tapado, beans, web blight, Rhizoctonia, slash/mulch, Nicaragua, common bacterial blight of beans HDT file

439. Raver, A. 1991. Now, for politically correct tomatoes: all hail the hairy vetch In New York Times. December 8, 1991. p. 85. New York: 85.

An article in the New York Times by Anne Raver (1991) recently described a slash/mulch system that a U.S.D.A. researcher - Aref. A. Abdul-Baki - developed for mulching tomatoes. The article noted that the total amount of plastic used in the world for vegetable production could circle the earth more than 40 times. Abdul-Baki tested the legume hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) as a means to enrich and hold the soil. The vetch was planted in the fall of 1990 and in April of 1991 it was about four feet tall. The vetch was slashed as follows: "We have designed a mower that runs right over the vetch, chops it up and dumps it right in position. Then we drill a three-inch hole and stick the seedling in." Beds mulched with vetch averaged 45 tons of tomatoes compared to 19 tons per acres where no mulch was used and 35 tons per acre where plastic mulch was used. organic matter,

440. Ravindran, V. and G. Ravindran. 1988. Nutritional and anit-nutritional characteristics of mucuna (Mucuna utilis) bean seeds. J. Food Science.
46(1): 71-79.

mucuna, velvet bean, nutrition, toxic effects, green manures/cover crops, mulch

441. Reddy, K.K., et al. 1986. Tropical legumes for green manure. II: Nematode populations and their effects on succeeding crop yields. Agronomy J.
78: 5-10.

Used hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) or marigold (Tagetes) in rotation and reduced lesion nematode populations (Pratylenchus) nematodes/organic matter/green manures/antagonists/cover crops, mulch

442. Rehm, S. and G. Espig. 1991. The Cultivated Plants of the Tropics and Subtropics: Cultivation, Economic Value, Utilization. Verlag Josef Margraf, Berlin. 552 pp.

tropical crops, cereals, sugar, oil, vegetables, Nuts, beverages, pulses, Spices, medicinal, fiber, rubber, gums, dyes, forages, green manure, cover crops, mulch

443. Resck, D.V.S., R.D. Sharma, and J. Pereira. 1982. Effects of fifteen species of green manure on water-holding capacity and nematode control in dark-red latosol under "Cerrado" vegetation. Pesq. Agropec. Bras.
17: 459-467.

Effects of fifteen species of green manures on water-holding capacity and nematode control in dark-red latosol under "Cerrado" vegetation., Brazil, organic amendments, mulch, organic matter, mulch

444. Reynolds, P.K. 1921. The Story of the Banana. United Fruit Co., Boston. 53 pp.

Story of the Banana, slash/mulch, establishment of banana plantations from virgin forest, United Fruit Co., slashed understory and planted bananas, after establishment, felled trees

445. Reynolds, P.K. 1927. The Banana. Houghton Mifflin, Boston. 181 pp.

slash/mulch, establishment of banana plantations from virgin forest, United Fruit Co., slashed understory and planted bananas, after establishment, felled trees

446. Richardson, H.L., S.T. Hwang, and C.L. Feng. 1944. The Use of Organic and Inorganic Manures With Rice: a Continuous Factorial Experiment. Empire Journal of Experimental Agriculture.
12: 33-50.

China/Traditional Agriculture/Manures/Organic Fertilizers/Paddy Rice/Fertilizers/Green Manure/Nightsoil/Sichuan/Compost, Nitrogen, mulch From E. C. Ellis

447. Rippin, M., et al. 1994. Alley cropping and mulching with Erythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O. F. Cook and Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.: effects on maize weed competition. Agroforestry Systems.
25: 119-134.

alley cropping systems, Costa Rica, CATIE, weed management, tropical forests, slash/mulch, maize yields, Erythrina, Glyricidia, maize,

448. Ristaino, J.B. and S.A. Johnston. 1999. Ecologically based approaches to management of Phytophthora blight on bell pepper. Plant Disease.
83: 1080-1089.

Phytophthora capsici, peppers, root and crown rot, raised beds, ridges, soil splash, mulches, rotation, soil solarization, organic amendments, fungicides

449. Rizzo Boesch, R. 1992. Efecto de una cobertura vegetal en la incidencia de la pudrición de mazorcas de maiz y la babosa del frijol In . Escuela Agrícola Panamericana.
cover crops/green manures, slugs, beans, maize, maize rots, mulch MBA (from Honduras) - File

450. Rizzo Boesch, R., et al. 1993. Efecto del uso de Mucuna pruriens L. como cobertura vegetal en la liberación de esporas de Stenocarpella maydis en un campo de maiz. Ceiba.
34(2): 359-368.

28% less spores from mucuna plantings than in areas without mucuna maize disease, ear rot, Diplodia, epidemiology, velvet bean, mulch,

451. Rizzo Boesch, R., et al. 1994. The effect of two diets based on leguminous cover crops on weight gain and reproductive capacity of the slug Sarasinula plebeia Fischer . pp. 109-114. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How Farmers Use It, and What Researchers Know About It. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.,
The effect of diets based on leguminous cover crops on the weight increase and reproductive capacity of the slug Sarasinula plebeia, mucuna, velvet bean, Canavalia ensiformis, Mucuna puriens, slugs lost weight on mucuna diet and did not , green manures/cover crops, reproduce, mulch

452. Roberts, L.M., et al. 1957. Razas de Maiz en Colombia. Ministerio de Agric. de Colombia. Oficina de Investigaciones Especiales. Bol. Tecnico No. 2., Bogota. 159 pp.

Races of maize in Colombia, chococeño, chococito, slash/mulch system, Chocó, mulching,

453. Rockwood, W.G. and R. Lal. 1974. Mulch-tillage: A technique for soil and water conservation in the tropics. SPAN (Shell Int. Chem. Co., Ltd.).
17: 77-79.

tillage/no-tillage/minimum tillage Mulching controls erosion, improves soil organic matter content, controls weeds

454. Rodale. 1992. Legume Seed Source Directory. Rodale Institute, Kutztown, PA. 23 pp.

Legume Seed Source Directory, green manures, cover crops, Soil-improving legumes, nitrogen-fixing, organic amendments, mulch, organic matter, mulch

455. Rodriguez V., C.L. 1988. Consideraciones sobre la distribucion y ecologia de las babosas en Costa Rica. Ceiba.
28(2): 201-202.

slugs, Costa Rica, mulching, weeds,

456. Rodriguez-Kabana, R., et al. 1988. Potential of crops uncommon to Alabama for management of root-knot and soybean cyst nematodes. Annals of Applied Nematology.
2: 116-120.

Potential of crops uncommon to Alabama for management of root-knot and soybean cyst nematodes, cover crops, organic matter, organic amendments, green manure, mulch

457. Rodriguez-Kabana, R., et al. 1992. Velvetbean for the management of root-knot and southern blight in peanut. Nematropica.
22: 75-80.

Rodriguez-Kabana et al. (1992) reported on the efficacy of Florida velvet bean (Mucuna deeringiana) for the management of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne arenaria). In their experiments velvetbean, in contrast to peanuts, did not support significant populations of the nematode in the soil. They added:The results indicate that velvetbean is an excellent rotation crop for the management of M. arenaria in peanut. This tropical legume is a non host for this nematode and other Meloidogyne spp. Velvetbean exerts a suppressive effect on development of Meloidogyne populations and there is evidence that the effect may be due to the production of root exudates. Velvetbean production declined rapidly with the introduction of syntheic N fertilizers in the early 1940's Velvetbean, root-knot and southern blight in peanut, Meloidogyne arenaria, Sclerotium rolfsii, organic matter, nematodes, disease, green manures/cover crops, mulch HDT file

458. Rodriguez-Kabana, R., et al. 1992. Crop rotation studies with velvetbean (Mucuna deeringiana) for the management of Meloidogyne spp. J. of Nematology.
24(4S): 662-668.

greenhouse experiments in Spain, mucuna not a host for nemas Velvetbean suppressive to nematodes, root-knot, Meloidogyne spp., organic matter, nematodes, disease, green manures/cover crops, mulch HDT file

459. Rogers, S. and T. Iosefa. 1993. Shade levels for taro cropping systems. Agroforestry Today.
5(2): 9-12.

"Shade provides a cooler, more pleasant environment that full sun." Labor productivity greater under shade. Weed control better shade, taro, tree crops, mulch, weeds

460. Rosado-May, F.J. and R. Garcia-Espinosa. 1986. Estrategias empiricas para el control de la mustia hilachoza (Thanatephorus cucumeris Frank Donk) de frijol comun en la Chontalpa, Tabasco. Revista Mexicana de Fitopatologia.
4: 109-113.

Central America/distance of planting/crop density/mulching/Thanatephorus cucumeris/Rhizoctonia solani/fungi/removal of diseased leaves/sanitation Interviewed 59 farmers in Tabasco who use Euphorbia heterophylla (Painted Leaf weed) to control web blight in beans. Cite yield losses of up to 95% of production in Chontalpa, Tabasco, Mexico. Plant beans 'sin quemar la materia organica." (p. 110)

461. Rosemeyer, M.E., et al. 1989. Comparacion de la produccion de semillas, nodulacion y micorrizas en frijol tapado modificado y espequeado bajo varias dosis de fertilizantes en San Vito de Java, Coto Brus, Costa Rica. . In: Bolaños A., M. y I. Bolaños A. (eds.) Memoria. I Simposio Sobre Tecnologia Apropiada y Agricultura Biologica para un Desarrollo Rural Alternativo. COPROALDE, Univ. de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, .

Minimum tillage, tapado, fungi, beans, mulching, slash/mulch, Costa Rica, nodulation, HDT file

462. Rosemeyer, M. 1990. The effect of different management strategies on the tripartite symbiosis of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) with Rhizobium and vesicular-arbuscular mycorhizal fungi in two agroecosystems in Costa Rica In . Univ. of California, Santa Cruz, CA.
tripartite symbiosis of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) with Rhizobium and vesicular-arbuscular mycorhizal fungi in two agroecosystems in Costa Rica, frijol tapado, minimum tillage, Central America, mulching, slash/mulch

463. Rosemeyer, M.E. and S.R. Gliessman. 1992. Modifying traditional and high-input systems for optimization of microbial symbioses. A case study of dry beans in Costa Rica. Agric., Ecosystems & Environment.
40(1-4): 61-70.

frijol tapado, minimum tillage, Central America, mulching, slash/mulch, rhizobium, mycorrhizae, nodulation, espequeado system, shifting cultivation

464. Rosemeyer, M.E. 1994. Comparison of yields and formation of mycorrhiza and nodules of beans grown under the "frijol tapado" and "espequeado" systems with fertilizer . pp. 169-178. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.
Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How farmers use it, and what researchers know about it. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.

Comparison of yield, mycorrhizae and nodulation of beans grown under the slash/mulch and espequeado systems with fertilizer addition, frijol tapado, minimum tillage, Central America, mulching, digging stick,

465. Rosemeyer, M.E. 1994. El cultivo organico de frijol en Costa Rica In .
beans, frijol tapado, organic beans, Costa Rica, slash/mulch, slugs, diseases, HDT File - Mimeo

466. Rosemeyer, M.E. Year. Eficiencia de aplicaciones de fosforo en los sistemas frijol tapado y espequeado a traves de tres años. In: R.A. Villalobos. Taller International Sobre Bajo Fosforo en frijol comun. Univ. de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica: Univ. de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.

P applied to mulch more effective that P incorporated into soil frijol tapado, covered beans, phosphorus, mulch, fertilizer

467. Ross, P.J., J. Williams, and R.L. McCown. 1985. Soil temperature and the energy balance of vegetative mulch in the semi-arid tropics. II. Dynamic analysis of the total energy balance. Aust. J. Soil Res.
23(4): 515-532.

queensland, Australia, tropics. semiarid-zones. soil-temperature. mulches, mulching. energy-balance. tillage. heat-transfer, dynamic-models, soil-moisture. seedlings. evaporation. soil-water-deficit.

468. Rowe-Dutton, P. 1957. The Mulching of Vegetables. Commonwealth Agric. Bur. Tech. Comm., no. 24, Farnham Royal, England.
Definition of mulching: "Application of a covering layer of material to the soil surface." Effects include moisture, weeds, temperature, winter protection, erosion, pests, adds soil nutrients, etc. (p. 4). Comprehensive treatment of mulching effects on diseases. vegetable gardening/mulching/erosion

469. Ruddell, E.D. 1995. Empowering small peasant farmers to improve their food security through the use of green manures In . World Neighbors, Santiago, Chile.
tarwi incorporated into soil, produced 17,000 kg/ha biomass, increased potato yields from control yields of 1.69 t/ha to 7.5 t/ha, "209 families have significantly increased their production on land fertilized previously with lupines as green manures." Andes, Bolivia, lupine, tarwi, green manure, cover crop, slash, incorporate, farmer experimentation, knowledge, and participation, World Neighbors, mulch HDT file

470. Russell, E.W. 1973. Soil Conditions and Plant Growth. 10th ed. Longmans, London. 849 pp.

mulches, erosion, soil temperature, structure, tilth, water runoff, weeds, S 585 R96

471. Sain, G., I. Ponce, and E.B. C. 1994. Profitability of the abonera system practiced by farmers on the Atlantic Coast of Honduras . pp. 273-282. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G. Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How farmers use it, and what researchers know about it. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.

Profitability of the green manure system in the hillsides of Atlantic Honduras, (Mucuna deeringianum), Velvet beans, green manures/cover crops, organic matter, mulching, organic amendments, slash/mulch, mucuna, organic matter, mulch

472. Samson, B.K. 1986. Upland development technologies . In: Fujisaka, S., P. Saijse, and R. del Castillo. Man, Agriculture and the Tropical Forest. Winrock Int"l. Institute for Agric. Development, Morrilton, AR. 363 pp.,
terrace construction, mulching, tillage, no-tillage, contour farming, organic matter, composting, green manures, multiple cropping, agroforestry, mulch

473. Sanchez, P.A. 1976. Properties and Management of Soils in the Tropics. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 618 pp.

"Mulching conserves organic matter by decreasing soil temperatures. The use of mulches may be applicable to a wider area than are animal or green manures."(p. 181) 'Shifting cultivation covers 44% of potentially arable land in tropics." (p. 404). slash and burn (p. 359) Multiple cropping/slash and burn/
fire/heat/microflora/microorganisms/
mulching/fallow/cover crops/green manures, mulch

474. Sanford, G.B. 1926. Some factors affecting the pathogenicity of Actinomyces scabies. Phytopathology.
116: 525-547.

First author to suggest that control of potato scab by cover crops was due to biological control rather than to a reduction in soil pH. Showed in-vitro inhibition of Streptomyces scabies by certain soil bacteria. Green manure of 50 tons/acre rye did not reduce scab in field with high inoculum level. Actinomyces scabies, actinomycetes Organic matter/organic amendments/crop residues/soil/bacteria//cover crops/Streptomyces scabies, mulch

475. Sarrantonio, M. 1991. Soil-improving Legumes. Rodale Institute, Kutztown, PA. 310 pp.

Soil-improving legumes, green manure crops, nitrogen-fixing, organic amendments, mulch, organic matter

476. Sasser, J.N. 1971. An introduction to the plant nematode problem affecting world crops and a survey of current control methods. Pflanzenschutz-nachrichten.
24: 3-47.

Green manure/Crotalaria/nematodes/cover crops, mulch

477. Schiefflin, E.L. 1975. Felling the trees on top of the crop; European contact and the subsistence ecology of the Great Papuan Plateau. Oceania.
46: 25-39.

Felling the trees on top of the crop; European contact and the subsistence ecology of the Great Papuan Plateau, slash/mulch, Papua New Guinea, The people known as the Kaluli of the Orogo live in a region of Papua New Guinea known as the Great Papuan Plateau. In their swidden system, instead of slashing and burning vegetation before planting, they plant in the underbrush first and then fell trees on the top of the planting. The Kaluli live in an area covered with a dense tropical forest at elevations from 750 to 1050 meters and with an annual rainfall of almost 500 cm. Many different crops are grown in the area, however Schiefflin writes:Bananas, breadfruit, and pandanus are grown on the slopes down the sides of a ridge and are planted in the opposite manner. The people first cut the underbrush under the canopy and then plant shoots (obtained from old gardens) with a digging stick. Then, after four or five days, when the crop has " taken " groups of men fell the canopy on top of the crop and the tangled wreckage is left to itself. The plants soon find their way up between

478. Schlather, K. and J. Duxbury. 1994. Phosphorus dynamics in slash/mulch bean production in Costa Rica. Agronomy Abstracts, 70.
: .

479. Schlather, K.J. 1998. The dynamics and cycling of phosphorus in mulched and unmulched bean production systems indigenous to the humis tropics of Central America In . Cornell University.
mulching, phosphorus, tapado, slash/mulch, Costa Rica,

480. Schmid, O. and R. Klay. 1984. Green Manuring: Principles and Practice. Woods End Agricultural Institute.
Translated by W. F. Brinton, Jr., from a publication of the Research Institute for Biological Husbandry, Switzerland. ., Mt. Vernon, ME. 50 p.

green manure, fertilizer, cover crops, mulch

481. Schroth, G., W. Zech, and G. Heimann. 1992. Mulch decomposition under agroforestry conditions in a sub-humid tropical savanna processes and influence of perennial plants. Plant and Soil.
147: 1-11.

good references on mulch decomposition, litterbag experiment with Cajanus cajan decomposition, litter fall, mulches, Togo,

482. Schwan, H.E. 1949. Influence of grazing and mulch on forage
growth. Journal of Range Management.
2: 142-148.

mulch, forages, animals

483. Schwartz, H.F. and G.E. Galvez, ed. 1980. Bean Production Problems: Disease, Insect, Soil, and Climatic Constraints of Phaseolus vulgaris. CIAT: Cali, Colombia. 424 pp.

Minimum tillage/tapado/mulching/beans/web blight/Rhizoctonia solani/Thanatephorus cucumeris/fungi/slash/mulch

484. Schwartz, H.F. and M.A. Pastor-Corrales. 1989. Bean Production Problems in the Tropics. CIAT., Cali, Colombia. 654 pp.

Beans/web blight/Rhizoctonia solani/Thanatephorus cucumeris/fungi/minimum tillage/tapado/mulching/slash/mulch

485. Sciences, N.A. 1984. Leucaena. Promising Forage and Tree Crop. 2nd ed. Nat. Acad. Press, Washington, D.C. 96 pp.

Page 72-72 "They plant blocks of their land with leucaena to control erosion and provide soil improvement. Some of the leaves are harvested, dried, and sold as leaf meal to local feed millers; also, most households keep goats that are fed leucaena mixed with coconut and banana leaves. After 3-6 years the blocks with leucaena are cleared (large pieces of the wood are sold for fuel) while an equal number are seeded with leucaena and left fallow. Along the contour of the steepest slopes of the newly cleared blocks the farmers drive leucaena stakes into the ground, pile branches behind them, and scrape soil against the barrier so formed. This provides a terrace (varying from 0.15-1.5 m wide) in which tobacco and onions are interplanted. This creates arable land out of slopes as steep as 70° that are otherwise totally unusable." Leucaena/agroforestry/tropical tree/green manure, mulch

486. Scott, T.W., et al. 1987. Contributions of ground cover, dry matter, and nitrogen from intercrops and cover crops in a corn polyculture system. Agron. J.
79: 792-798.

Contributions of ground cover, dry matter, and nitrogen from intercrops and cover crops in a corn polyculture system, green manure, organic matter, mulch

487. Sequeira, L. 1962. Influence of organic amendments on survival of Fusarium f. cubense in the soil. Phytopathology.
52: 976-982.

Fusarial wilt, mal de Panama, organic matter, effect of organic amendments on viability of spores of F. cubense, velvet beans, mucuna added to soil reduced number of spores in lab experiment by 67%, sugarcane was more effective, kudzu, lab-lab, crotalaria, and sugarcane all reduced a significant depressing effect on viability of F. cubense in soil, green manures/cover crops, mulch

488. Serpenti, L.M. 1977. Cultivators in the Swamps. van Gorcum, Assen, Amsterdam. 308 pp.

Mulching of sweet potatoes and yam mounds. Describes the agriculture of the Kimain. In swamps they develop 'garden islands' which are similar to raised beds or the Mexican chinampas. Seldom more than 3 m wide. "Experience has taught the people exactly what the ground-water level should be at every stage of growth of every crop. Time of planting is so chosen that the changes in the ground-water levels combine most favorably with the level of the beds." Regarding the use of the use of the beds, Serpenti writes "Organic matter consisting of grass, earth with high humus content, and ashes of sago leaves are incorporated into the beds." Asia/planting date/Frederik Hendrik Island/western New Guinea/west Irian/hilling/raised beds

489. Sharp, W.F. 1976. Slavery on the Spanish frontier: the Colombian Choco, 1680-1810. Univ. of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK. 253 pp.

Slavery, Spanish frontier, the Colombian Chocó, gold mining, nothing on slash/mulch

490. Shenk, M., et al. Year. Repuesta del frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) a diferentes manejos de la vegetaciónIn: Reunión Anual del PCCMCA,. Tegucigalpa, Honduras.: Secretaría de Recursos Naturales, Honduras.

frijol tapado, beans, slash/mulch, herbicides, paraquat, weeds, glycophosphate

491. Shenk, M. 1994. Possible modifications of planting and mulch management schemes for frijol tapado. . pp. 129-132. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) 273-282. Slash/Mulch: How Farmers Use It, and What Researchers Know About It. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.,
Possible modifications of planting and mulch management schemes for frijol tapado, slash/mulch, minimum tillage, Central America, herbicides, fertilizer

492. Shipton, P.J. 1979. Experimental evidence for the effect on soil-borne diseases of changes in techniques of crop and soil cultivation . In: Schippers, B. and Gams, W. Soil-borne Plant Pathogens. Academic Press, London,
mulching/planting date/minimum tillage Effect on soilborne diseases of changes in techniques of crop and soil cultivation

493. Singh, R.S. and K. Sitaramaiah. 1970. Control of plant parasitic nematodes with organic soil amendments. Pest Articles and News Summaries.
16: 287-297.

Nematodes/organic matter/green manure/crop residues/cover crops
fertilizer/manure/oil cakes, mulch 100 references

494. Singh, N.T. 1984. Green manures as sources of nutrients in rice production In Organic Matter and Rice . International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines.

Nitrogen/Rice/Paddy Rice/Organic Matter/Organic Fertilizers/Traditional Agriculture/Crop residues/Green manure/India, mulch From E. C. Ellis

495. Skerman, P.J., D.G. Cameron, and F. Riveros. 1988. Tropical forage legumes. FAO (UNIPUB), Rome. 692 pp.

Legumes, Tropics, Forage plants, Tropical crops, mucuna, velvetbean, green manures/cover crops, mulch

496. Skutch, A. 1950. Problems in milpa agriculture. Turrialba.
1: 4-6.

Mulching/Central America/minimum tillage/slash/mulch/frijol tapado Author lived in El General, Costa Rica. 'The bean seed is broadcast through the low, dense vegetation, which is then cut down with machetes and chopped up (picado) so that it lies close to the ground. The bean vines sprout up through the mulch of stems and leaves, finally covering them over. No cultivation of the crop is necessary or feasible.' Also plant maize in tapado.

497. Smartt, J. 1990. Grain Legumes. Evolution and Genetic Resources. CUP, UK, 379 pp.

A comprehensive survey of all the grain legumes, their evolution and their potential for further development and improvement as economically important food crops. grain legumes, beans, cover crops, green manures, mulch

498. Smith, M. 1994. Crop variety improvement for slash/mulch production systems. . pp. 239-247. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.
Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How farmers use it, and what researchers know about it. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.

Crop variety improvement for slash/mulch production systems, frijol tapado, minimum tillage, slash/mulch, mulching, beans, maize, breeding

499. Snedaker, C.C., and J. F. Gamble. 1969. Compositional analysis of selected second-growth species from lowland Guatemala and Panama. BioScience.
19: 536-538.

Compositional analysis of selected second-growth species from lowland Guatemala and Panama, slash/mulch, fallow period may be 4-6 years in Panama in slash/mulch,

500. Solomon, T. and M. Flores. 1994. Intercropping corn and frijol chinapopo (Phaseolus coccineus). CIDICCO, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 44 pp.

Scarlet runner beans, mulch, cover crop, organic matter, organic amendments, green manure crops, multiple cropping, mulch

501. Solomón, T. 1993. El Chinapopo. Compañero de Maiz. COMUNICA-CIDICCO, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 36.

scarlet runner bean, Phaseolus coccinius, mulch, organic material, green manure, cover crop, maize, weed control, minimum tillage, traditional practice,

502. Soto, G., ed. 1990. Establecimeinto de pasturas en el Piedemonte Caqueteño, Colombia. Curso-Taller sobre "Establecimeinto, Desarrollo y Manejo de Pasturas Mejoradoas en el Piedemonte Caqueteño, Colombia. CIAT: Cali, Colombia. 8 pp.

Another example of the "tapado" system. R. W. Blake found a CIAT reference where the system has been used to successfully re-establish pastures in the Colombian Amazoni'a. Like beans, the existing vegetation is slashed and immediately planted vegetatively at high density with the pasture species, slash/mulch, pastures,

503. Soto Garcia, G. and J.J.G. Ocampo. 199-. Siembra de Braquiaria decumbens por el sistem de tapado en el pie de monte Caqueteño In . Univ. de Amazonía.
tapado, grasses, pastures, tapado system has been used to successfully re-establish pastures in the Colombian Amazonia. As with beans, the existing vegetation is slashed and immediately planted vegetatively at high density with the pasture species, slash/mulch, pastures, In HDT file

504. Srivastava, J.P., et al. 1993. Conserving Soil Moisture and Fertility in the Warm Seasonably Dry Tropics. World Bank Technical Paper 221, Washington, DC. 92 pp.

This paper examines ways to achieve sustainable agricultural development in dry tropical regions. It focuses on ways to make each unit of land more productive. This approach helps safeguard fragile lands, maintain biodiversity, and reduce pollution and deforestation. Warm seasonably dry tropics are found mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa, Southwest and Southeast Asia, Central and South America, and northern Australia. They suffer from little rainfall, extensive environmental damage, and scant natural resources. The authors show how to manage land under such conditions, how to clear land and sow crops early with viable seed, and how to use cover crops and select cropping systems. Fertilizer strategies are also discussed. These strategies review ways to use chemical fertilizers, biological nitrogen fixation, and organic manures. They survey changes in current practice that can
reduce fertilizer losses. The study explains how to harvest water and use small catchments and supplemental irrigation. It
describes how to minimize erosion by water and wind. Topics include mulch farming,
conservation tillage, windbreaks, and soil coverage with non-erodible materials.
1/1 billon people live in the Warm Seasonably Dry Tropics (21% of population) soils, farming systems, erosion, conservation tillage, irrigation, contour bunding, vegetative hedges, mulching, organic matter, manures, cultural practices, agroforestry, livestock, animals,

505. Stauder, J. 1971. The Majangir. Ecology and Society of a Southwest Ethiopian People. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK. 200 pp.

Majang Tribe combines slash/mulch and slash and burn in their agricultural systems Ethiopia, slash/mulch, Majang Tribe, slash and burn, fire, maize, sorghum, sesame, "kate",

506. Stigter, C.J. 1984. Examples of mulch use in microclimate management by traditional farmers in Tanzania. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment.
11: 173-176.

mulch, microclimate management, traditional agriculture, Tanzania, shading, shade,

507. Stigter, C.J. 1984. Traditional use of shade: a method of microclimate manipulation. Arch. Met. Geoph. Biocl.
Ser. B 34: 203-210.

shading, mulch, Tanzania, traditonal agriculture,

508. Stigter, K. 1987. Tapping into traditional knowledge. Ceres.
20(3): 29-32.

traditional knowledge, traditional microclimate modifications, newspaper contest in Tanzania, shade, mulch, wind protection, according to Stigter in 1967
"when tea production was promoted among smallholders in Kenya, the use of any shade was absoulutely banned by extension services" S 401 U6 C41

509. Stonehouse, B. 1981. Biological Husbandry: A Scientific Approach to Organic Farming. Butterworths, London.
Organic matter/organic amendments/mulching/pests

510. Stout, R. 1970. Gardening Without Work for the Aging, the Busy and the Indolent. Devin-Adair, Old Greenwich, CO. 214 pp.

mulch, mulching, organic gardening, "God invented mulching", pests, flowers, crops,
Arthur Pratt

511. Stover, R.H. 1991. Cultural practices and the leaf spot defoliation complex in Uganda bananas (East Africa AAA). INFORMUSA.
1(1): 6-8.

Most of the bananas in Uganda comes from monoculture. Bananas are often produced in homegardens ranging from 20-50 mats. These receive household trash and are often mulched. Grass cuttings and coffee husks also used to mulch. 50 named varieties of Uganda cooking bananas are used for making "matoke", a steamed, mashed, green banana dish. Black Sigatoka has arrived (1989). Cladosporium also a problem. Uganda has 1.2 million ha of bananas. Other bananas used for beer, fruit, roasting, etc. "The potenial for increasing production per hectare is enormous."

512. Stromgaard, P. 1990. Effects of mound-cultivation on concentration of nutrients in a Zambian miombo woodland soil. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment.
32: 295-313.

mounds, raised beds, shifting, slash and burn, agroforestry, green manures with rotting grass in mounds, rotation, compost, fallow, indicator plants for soil fertility, fundikila system, mulch

513. Suatmadjii, R.W. 1969. Studies on the Effect of Tagetes Species on Plant Parasitic Nematodes. H. Veenman & Zonen N. V., Wageningen, Netherlands. 132 pp.

Nematodes/mulching/trap crop/antagonistic/marigolds/biocontrol/antagonists/tagetes

514. Subler, S. and C. Uhl. 1990. Japanese agroforestry in Amazonia: a case study in Tomé-Açu, Brazil . pp. 152-166. In: Anderson, A. B. (ed.) Alternatives to Deforestation: Steps Toward Sustainable Use of the Amazon Rain Forest. Colombia Univ. Press, New York., New York.

Japanese farmers, colonists, tropical rain forest, Amazon, Brazil, agroforestry, pepper, cacao, fruit, vegetables, Erythrina, weeds, mulch

515. Sumberg, J.E. 1984. Alley farming in the humid zone: linking crop and livestock production. ILCA Bulletin.
18: 2-6 pp.

alley cropping, slash/mulch, animals, animal feed, Leucaena, Gliricidia, ILCA

516. Sumberg, J.E. 1986. Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud. A Selected Bibliography. Int. Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 12 pp.

Gliricidia sepium, slash/mulch, alley cropping, agroforestry

517. Sutcliffe, J.P. 1992. Peoples and Natural Resources in the North and South Omo and Kefa Administrative Regions of Southwestern Ethiopia. National Conservation Strategy Secretariat, Ministry of Planning and Economic Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 91 pp.

Ethiopia, slash/mulch, Majang Tribe, Majangir, slash and burn, fire, maize, sorghum, sesame, "kate",

518. Suwardjo, H., and S. Sukmana. Year. The use of mucuna in upland farming systems for improving soil productivityACIAR Proc Ser. Canberra, Australia: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. Issue 18.

mucuna/upland farming systems/ improving soil productivity/velvet bean, green manures/cover crops, mulch

519. Szott, L.T. and D.C.L. Kass. 1993. Fertilizers in agroforestry systems. Agroforestry Systems.
23: 157-176.

fertilizers, alley cropping, slash./mulch, agroforestry, home gardens, nutrient cycling, organic fertilizer, mulch

520. Szott, L.A., C.A. Palm, and C.B. Davey. 1994. Biomass and litter accumulation
under managed and natural tropical fallows. Forest Ecology and Management.
67: 177-190.

agroforestry, tropical forest litter, mulch

521. Tapia B., H. 1987. Manejo de malas hierbas en plantaciones de frijol in Nicaragua. Instituto Superior de Ciencias Agropecuarias,, Managua, Nicaragua.
28 % of total bean area is in frijol tapado frijol tapado, beans, web blight, Rhizoctonia, slash/mulch, Nicaragua, HDT file

522. Tapia Barquero, H. and A.C. Henriquez. 1988. Manejo integrado de la producion de frijol basado en labranza cero. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit(GTZ), Eschborn, Germany. 181 pp.

slash/mulch, frijol tapado, non-tillage, Nicaragua, beans, raised bed to control Pythium, suggests that no-till and tapado systems control rain splashing and thus there is less web blight (T. cucumeris), bacterial blight (X. campestris pv. phaseoli), and angular leaf blight (Isariopsis griseola), and Entyloma petuniae (Entyloma leaf smut) Picture on page 99, espeque= digging stick, zero tillage, mulching,

523. Taylor, D. 1988. Agricultural practices in Eastern Maputaland. Development Southern Africa.
5(4): 465-481.

cassava most drought resistant of all crops grown, but regarded as a "poor man's crop",
Maize cobs picked and hung above cooking fire so they blacken and are protected from weevil attack, hippppotamus problem, raised beds of up to one meter used (ditches surrounding beds help to keep hippos out), cutworms killed with ash, bones places in the field to attrack ants & bones with ants on them are then removed from the field, young virgins would dance naked in maize fields and this would chase away the maize stalk-borer, one of the methods of swamp farming includes slash/mulch where vegetation is left to rot : "Felling of trees and vegetation is done some months before planned cultivation and some slashing of regrowth is necessary." (p. 74), three other slash and mulch systems are also used in swampy areas South Africa, Zululand, African tropics, maize streak, late blight and early blight of potatoes, hippppotamus problem, slash/mulch Olin Library - HC905 .D48

524. Taylor, D.A. and K.G. MacDicken, ed. 1991. Research on Multipurpose Tree Species in Asia. Winrock Int. Inst. Agric. Development: Morrilton, AR. 260 pp.

leucaena, Naalad Philippines, agroforestry, pruning, slash/mulch, Multipurpose Tree Species, psyllid, diseases, pests

525. Teketay, D. 1990. Erythrina burana. Promising multipurpose tree from Ethiopia. Agroforestry Today.
2(4): 13.

Erythrina burana, multipurpose tree from Ethiopia, agroforestry, mulches, pruned leaves and branches buried near coffee bushes and yields increased, organic matter,

526. Thakur, R.N. and K.S.M. Sastry. 1981. Leaf blight of Mucuna prurita (Pestalotiopsis versicolor). Indian Phytopathology.
34(3): 394-395.

mucuna, velvet bean, diseases, India, green manures/cover crops, mulch

527. Thomsen, M. 1969. Living Poor. A Peace Corps Chronicle. Univ. of Washington Press, Seattle, WA. 314 pp.

Author describes his reaction to slash/mulch system as suggesting that the farmers burn the three feet of dead weeds and branches after they stated "The ground was three feet deep in dead weeds and branches. Wai came up with an ax and felled the timber. Our first hectare, but what a mess. It was the custom to plant corn on ground thus cleared, but is seemed obvious that the yields would be minimal, and I refused to let them do it. "We'll have to burn first," I insisted, talking to the socios out in the field, where we stood in a drizzle of rain. "It is hardly our custom to burn wet brush," they told me sarcastically. "This is not the United States," Ramon told me. "This is the way we do it; you should have a little more respect for our customs." "But that's the only reason I'm here," I told him, "to destroy your crazy customs." " (pages 192-194), Esmeraldas on the Pacific Coast of Ecuador, maize, bought a tractor which was not appropriate or used. The book is an appalling saga of how to do almost everything wrong in agriculture. Slash/mulch system, Ecuador, mulching, fire, slash/burn, Peace Corps,

528. Thomsen, M. 1978. The Farm on the River of Emeralds. Houghton Mifflin, Boston. 329 pp.

NDG, Esmeralda, Ecuador, Peace Corps, nothing on the slash/mulch system

529. Thurston, H.D. 1984. Tropical Plant Diseases. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul MN. 208 pp.

Diversity/Slash and burn/fire/heat/paddy rice/agricultural systems/
fungi/monoculture/minimum tillage/tapado/mulching/Moko/banana/
bacteria/slash/mulch/plant diseases, tropical diseases, plant pathology, Tropical Plant Diseases, South American leaf blight of rubber (pp. 171-175), Microcyclus ulei, fungi, Pseudomonas solanacearum, bacteria, slash/mulch, root and tuber crops, vegetables, drugs, maize, sorghum, palms, coconuts, Microcyclus ulei, Pseudomonas solanacearum. South American leaf blight of rubber (pp. 171-175)

530. Thurston, H.D. 1989. Enfermedades de Cultivos en el Tropico. Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, Turrialba, Costa Rica. 232 pp.

tropical diseases, plant pathology, Tropical Plant Diseases, Diversity, Slash and burn, fire, heat, paddy rice, agricultural systems, South American leaf blight of rubber (pp. 171-175), Microcyclus ulei, fungi, monoculture, minimum tillage, tapado, mulching, Moko, banana, Pseudomonas solanacearum, bacteria, slash/mulch, root and tuber crops, vegetables, drugs, maize, sorghum, palms, coconuts,

531. Thurston, H.D. 1992. Sustainable practices for managing plant diseases in traditional farming systems. Westview Press, Boulder, CO. 279 pp.

Sustainable practices/managing plant diseases/traditional farming systems/biological control/density/diversity/fallow/fire/flooding/habitat selection/site/heat/slash and burn/slash/mulch/hilling/raised/minimum tillage, mixed gardens, agroforestry, mulching, Choco, multiple cropping, multistorey, organic matter, pesticides, planting date, pruning, resistance, roguing, rotations, sanitation, seed treatment, clean seed, shade, sowing depth , storage, terraces, tillage, weeds,

532. Thurston, H.D. 1993. Practicas tradicionales para el manejo de enfermedades de plantas en el tropico. . pp. 44-51. In: Proceedings of the I International Symposium and II National Meeting on Sustainable Agriculture: Importance and Contribution of Traditional Agriculture. Comisión de Estudios Ambientales y CEICADAR, Puebla, del Colegio de Postgraduados, Mexico., Mexico.

Sustainable practices/managing plant diseases/traditional farming systems/biological control/density/diversity/fallow/fire/
flooding/habitat selection/site/heat/slash and burn, slash/mulch, hilling, raised, minimum tillage/mixed gardens, agroforestry/mulching/multiple cropping/multistorey/organic matter/pesticides/planting date/pruning/resistance, rotations/sanitation/seed treatment/clean seed/shade/sowing depth/storage/terraces/tillage/weeds

533. Thurston, H.D. 1994. Sistemas de corte y cobertura: los olvidados agroecosistemas sostenibles del tropico . pp. 29-44. In. Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.
Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Los Sistemas de Siembra con Cobertura: Tapado. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.

slash/mulch systems, minimum tillage, mulching, Choco, Colombia, South America, Papua New Guinea, maize, mulching, frijol tapado, bananas

534. Thurston, H.D., et al., ed. 1994. Tapado. Los Sistemas de Siembra con Cobertura. CIIFAD y CATIE, Cornell Univ.: Ithaca, NY. 329 pp.

history of slash/mulch, mucuna, frijol tapado, alley cropping, pruning, mixed cropping, biological control, diversity, fallow, rotation, minimum tillage, multiple cropping, organic matter, tillage, weeds, Costa Rica, Central America, Mexico, Choco

535. Thurston, H.D. 1994. Introduction and discussion of workshop objectives . pp.1-4 In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.
Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How farmers use it, and what researchers know about it. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.

History of slash/mulch systems in Latin America, minimum tillage, mulching,
Choco, Colombia, South America, maize, mulching, frijol tapado

536. Thurston, H.D., et al., ed. 1994. Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How Farmers Use It, and What Researchers Know About It. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ.: Ithaca, NY. 302 pp.

history of slash/mulch, mucuna, frijol tapado, alley cropping, pruning, mixed cropping, biological control, diversity, fallow, rotation, minimum tillage, multiple cropping, organic matter, tillage, weeds, Costa Rica, Central America, Mexico, Choco

537. Thurston, H.D. 1994. Slash/Mulch systems: neglected sustainable tropical agroecosystems . pp. 29-42. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How Farmers Use It, and What Researchers Know About It.. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ. Ithaca, NY.,
slash/mulch, frijol tapado, Spanish, history of slash/mulch, , biological control, diversity, fallow, rotation, minimum tillage, multiple cropping, organic matter, tillage, weeds, Costa Rica, Central America, Mexico, popal, Choco

538. Thurston, H.D. 1994. Assessing indigenous and traditional knowledge in farming systems . In: Zeigler, R., S. Leong & P. S. Teng (eds.). Rice Blast Disease. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 640 pp.,
traditional knowledge, indigenous agriculture, rice, rice blast, cultural methods of disease control, biological control/density/diversity/fallow/fire/
flooding/habitat selection/site/heat, slash and burn,slash/mulch,hilling, raised, minimum tillage, mixed

539. Thurston, H.D. 1997. Slash/Mulch Systems: Sustainable Methods for Tropical Agriculture. Westview Press, Boulder, CO. 192.

Some of the most interesting sustainable agricultural practices that ancient farmers developed, especially in warm, humid tropical areas, were the slash/mulch practices. They are still widely used today, but are often overlooked or perhaps mistaken as a slash and burn system. Slash/mulch agricultural systems are characterized by the slashing or cutting of vegetation in situ to produce a mulch for an agricultural crop rather than discarding or burning it, as is often the case in traditional shifting cultivation systems. Although the literature on the various slash and burn systems used throughout the tropics is extensive, few references can be found regarding slash/mulch systems, but they are probably far more important in the hot, humid tropics than most authorities realize. In addition to numerous indigenous slash/mulch systems such as frijol tapado and the marceño or popal systems there are many other agricultural systems that include the use of slashed cover crops. Alley cropping, velvetbean/maize systems, and various coppicing systems are other examples.

Why might a book on slash/mulch practices be worthwhile among the steady tide of treatises on improving agriculture. There are two major reasons for documenting this oft-neglected subject. First, slash/mulch practices benefit the environment by providing an alternative to destructive slash and burn practices, reducing shifting cultivation through shortening required fallow lengths and restoring degraded soils through the addition of organic matter. Second, slash/mulch systems generally increase and/or stabilize yields which, in addition to improving family welfare, addresses equity issues by allowing resource-poor farmers to compete more effectively with larger commercial farmers. fire, fallow, heat, mulching, organic matter, rotations, shade, mucuna, cover crops, green manures, weeds, Velvet beans, organic amendments, slash/mulch, Mexico, Honduras, Central America, weeds,

540. Thurston, H.D. 1998. Tropical Plant Diseases. 2nd ed. Am. Phytopathol. Soc., St. Paul, MN. 200 pp.

Diversity/Slash and burn/fire/heat/paddy rice/agricultural systems/
fungi/monoculture/minimum tillage/tapado/mulching/Moko/banana/
bacteria/slash/mulch/plant diseases, tropical diseases, plant pathology, Tropical Plant Diseases, South American leaf blight of rubber (pp. 171-175), Microcyclus ulei, fungi, Pseudomonas solanacearum, bacteria, slash/mulch, root and tuber crops, vegetables, drugs, maize, sorghum, palms, coconuts,

541. Thurston, H.D. Year. An overview of methods used by traditional farmers in different environments to restrict plant disease without reliance on external or synthetic inputs.7th Int'l. Congress of Plant Pathology. Edinburgh, Scotland. (Abstract 5.1.2S).

<b>AN OVERVIEW OF THE EXTRAORDINARY RANGE OF METHODS THAT HAVE BEEN AND ARE BEING USED BY TRADITIONAL FARMERS IN MANY DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS TO RESTRICT PLANT DISEASE WITHOUT RELIANCE ON EXTERNAL OR SYNTHETIC INPUTS</b>

HD THURSTON

^{Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA}

<b>Background and objectives</b>
Crop production began perhaps 10,000 years ago. Some ancient farmers developed sustainable agriculture practices that allowed them to produce food and fiber and manage plant diseases for thousands of years with few outside inputs. Many of their successful practices have been forgotten or abandoned in developed countries, but some are still used by traditional farmers in a wide variety of environments in developing countries. The term traditional is usually associated with primitive agricultural systems or preindustrial peasant agriculture. Traditional farming usually is based on practices that have been passed down for many generations. The objective of this paper is to give an overview of the range of methods used by traditional farmers over time to restrict plant diseases without reliance on external or synthetic inputs.

<b>Results and conclusions</b>
Most of the information on traditional agriculture pertinent to the management of plant diseases has never been recorded in a form easily accessible by today's farmers and scientists. With rare exceptions ¹, those who have studied indigenous and traditional agriculture seldom consider or even mention plant diseases. Most practices for disease management used by traditional farmers are cultural practices ². Some practices of traditional farmers include the following: altering of plant and crop architecture, biological control, burning, adjusting crop density, depth or time of planting, planting diverse crops, fallowing, flooding, mulching, multiple cropping, planting without tillage, using organic amendments, planting in raised beds, rotation, sanitation, manipulating shade, and tillage ³. Most, but not all, of these practices are sustainable in the long term. It should be noted that a few of the above practices require high organic inputs, and that some practices have high labor requirements. Some practices have multiple benefits. For example, the use of mulches prevents erosion, improves soil quality, manages weeds, lowers soil temperatures, conserves moisture, and may aid in the management of soil-borne diseases. Mulches also reduce rain splashing, an important means of dissemination for numerous bacterial and fungal pathogens. Thus, the use of mulches is increasingly recommended in agricultural development efforts. The use of disease resistant varieties emphasizes the value of traditional cultivars (landraces) selected over millennia. Landraces are usually genetically diverse and are adapted to their environment and endemic pathogens. Although they not necessarily high yielding, they generally are dependable and are stable in yielding some harvest under all but the poorest of conditions. Pesticides are generally used only in small amounts by traditional farmers, primarily because of their cost. Traditional agricultural practices should be understood and conserved before they are lost with the rapid advance of modern agriculture in developing countries. Plant pathologists and other agricultural scientists can learn much from traditional farmers to elucidate principles and methods useful in the future management of plant diseases. Traditional knowledge can be overvalued or romanticized, but that is better than despising or ignoring it. Combining the best of traditional agriculture methods with the best of modern agriculture should go a long way towards sustaining agriculture in the coming century.

<b>References</b>
1. Orlob GB, 1973. Ancient and Medieval Plant Pathology. Pflanzenschutz-Nachrichten Bayer 26, 65-294.
2. Palti J, 1981. Cultural Practices and Infectious Crop Diseases. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 243 pp.
3. Thurston, HD, 1992. Sustainable Practices for Plant Disease Management in Traditional Farming Systems. Westview, Boulder, CO. 279 pp.

542. Tian, G., B.T. Kang, and L. Brussaard. 1994. Mulching effect of plant residues with chemically contrasting compositions on maize growth and nutrients accumulation. IITA Research.
September 1994(9): 7-11.

mulching, maize, organic matter, nutrient cycling, Acioa, Gliricidia, Leucaena, Rice straw, crop residues, prunings, slash/mulch, C/N ratio,

543. Timothy, D.H., et al. 1963. Races of Maize in Ecuador. Publication 975. Nacional Acad. Sci., Washington, DC. 147 pp.

Races of Maize in Ecuador, chococeño, chococito, slash/mulch system

544. Tomar, V.P.S. and e. al. 1992. Effect of perennial mulches on moisture conservation and soil building properties through agroforestry. Agricultural Systems.
19: 241-252.

tested Leucaena and mulches from other tree species on crop yields, soil moisture, and soil characteristics, India

545. Torres de Arauz, R. 1966. Estudios etnologico y historico de la cultura Choco. University of Panama, Panama,
Cites H. Wassen, mentions slash/mulch system used in Choco by Indians, mulching, OLIN F2270.2 C6 T86

546. Tracey, S. and H. Coe. 1918. Velvet Beans. U.S.D.A Farmers Bulletin 962, Washington, D.C.
velvet beans, mucuna, green manures, cover crops, maize, velvet beans planted in rows of corn and between rows of corn, mulch

547. Triomphe, B. 1993. Determinación de la cantidad de biomasa producida por el frijol de abono. Ser. Capacit.
2: 1-6.

Velvet beans, Mucuna, green manures, cover crops, organic matter, mulching, organic amendments, slash/mulch, MBA (From Honduras)

548. Triomphe, B. 1996. Seasonal nitrogen dynamics and long-term changes in soil properties under the Mucuna/maize cropping system on the hillsides of northern Honduras. In . Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
mucuna, velvet bean, maize, cover crops, green manures, slash/mulch

549. Tu, J.C. and W.I. Findlay. Year. The effects of different green manure crops and tillage practices on pea root rotsProc. 1986 Br. Crop Protec. Conf. - Vol. 3, Pests and Diseases. Surrey, England: BCPC Pubs.

Oats corn sudan grass and sorghum green manure crops reduced pea root rots. Peas and beans increased root rots and rye had no effect. Effects increased over 3 years of cropping. Chisel plowing and conventional plowing with raised beds lowered root rots Organic matter/organic amendments/Fusarium spp./Pythium ultimum/Aphanomyces euteiches/Ontario/North America/hilling/fungi/cover crops, mulch

550. Turner, B.L., II. 1974. Prehistoric intensive agriculture in the Mayan lowlands. Science.
185: 118-124.

Ridges/chinampas/mulching/terraces/Central America/hilling 'Raised fields' often called ridged or drained fields 'include any prepared land involving the transfer and elevation of soil above the natural surface of the earth in order to improve cultivating conditions.' 'The dominance of root crops within tropical raised field agriculture lends support to the contention that these cultigens were important to Mayan subsistence.'

551. U.S.D.A. 1960. Index of Plant Diseases in the United States. Agriculture Handbook No. 165, U.S.D.A., Washington, D. C. 531 pp.

Cercospora mucunae Syd., leaf spot. Puerto Rico (2).
Cercospora stizolobii Syd., Ieaf spot. Ala., Fla., Ga., N.C., S.C. (1); Puerto Rico (1,2)
Fusarium sp., pod spot. Tex., Puerto Rico

Meloidogyne spp., root knot nematodes. Calif., Tex. In general velvetbeans are highly resistant to root knot and some varieties are apparently immune; they are commonly grown as root-knot immune crops in rotations. Slight infection of certain varieties is reported in Hawaii. Also reported on (2) in ?Miss.

Mycosphaerella cruenta (Sacc.) Latham (Cercospora cruenta Sacc.), leaf spot. Ga.
Phyllyostica mucunae Ell. & Ev., leafspot. Ala. Tex., Hawaii
Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear) Dug., root rot.Ariz., Tex.
Phytophthora parasitica Dast., root rot. Fla.
Pseudomonas stizolobii (Wolf) Stapp, bacterial spot.
P. syringae Van Hall, bacterial spot. Ind. (1).
Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn, stem rot. Ga., La.
Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., southern blight. Ala., Fla. Ga., Tex.
Mosaic-unidentified virus. Ind.
Yellowing-zinc deficiencv. Fla. (1) M. deeringianum (Bort) Merr., Florida velvetbean.
(2) M. pruriens (L.) DC., cowage velvetbean. Coarse twining annuals: ( 1 ) of tropical Asia, ( 2 ) endemic in tropical America; grown in the Far South as forage and cover crops, green manures/cover crops, mulch

552. Ubatauba, F.B. 1955. Occurrence of a trypsin inhibiting factor in the seeds of "Canavalia ensiformis. Revista Brasil Biol.
15: 1-8.

Canavalia, toxic, trypsin inhibiting factor, cover crop, green manure, mulch

553. Unger, P.W. 1994. Managing Agricultural Residues. Lewis, Boca Raton, LA. 448 pp.

crop residues, mulch, organic matter

554. Uppal, H.L. 1962. Green manuring of soils for increasing crop yield for stepping up food production in the country. Amritsar Pioneer Press, Punjab, India. 27 pp.

green manures, organic matter, India, cover crops, mulch

555. Valencia-C., E. 1983. Colonizacion en el Uraba chocoano. Univ. Nacional Colombia, Bogota. 97 pp.

Mentions slash/mulch system. Chocó, Colombia, colonization, Uruba, mulching,

556. Valverde S., C. and D.E. Bandy. 1982. Production of annual food crops in the Amazon . In: Hecht, S. B. Amazonia: Agriculture and Land Use Research. CIAT Series 03E (82). CIAT, Cali, Colombia.,
slash and burn/fire/heat/mulching/weed/South America Annual food crops in the Amazon.

557. van Bruggen, A.H.C. 1995. Plant disease severity in high-input compared to reduced input and organic farming systems. Plant Disease.
79(10): 976-984.

"root diseases and pests were generally less severe or similar in organic and reduced-input farms, while some foliar diseases were less severe and others more severe in organic of reduced-input than in conventional farms.: disease severity, losses, organic farming, organic matter, biological control, farming systems, green manures, cover crops, soil erosion, no-till, reduced till, soil amendments, sustainable, soilborne plant pathogens, mulch

558. Van der Heide, J. 1988. Role of green manure in low-input farming in the humid tropics . pp. 185-192. In: International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Green manure in rice farming : proceedings of a symposium on sustainable agriculture : the role of green manure crops in rice farming systems. IRRI, 379 p., Los Banos, The Philippines.

Role of green manure in low-input farming in the humid tropics, organic matter, mulch Mann S667.R5 G79 1988

559. Van der Heide, J. and K. Hairiah. 1989. The role of green manures in rainfed farming sytems in the humid tropics. ILEIA Newsletter.
5(2): 11-13.

green manure, rainfed farming sytems in the humid tropics, nitrogen, organic matter, weed control, mulch

560. Van Eijk-Bos, C. and L. Moreno. 1986. Barreras vivas de Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud. (mataraton) y su efecto sobre la perdida de suelo en terrenos de colinas bajas-Uraba (Colombia). In .
Fernandes et al. (1993) cite van Eijk-Bos and Moreno (1986) as stating that alley cropping with Gliricidia sepium on slopes of 45 and 70% in Colombia under an annual rainfall of 4000 mm reduced soil lesses of 23 to 38 tons/ha per year under maize to 13 tons/ha per year. soil erosion, alley cropping, mulch

561. Van Schoonhoven, A. and O. Voysest. 1989. Common beans in Latin America and their constraints. . In: Schwartz, H. F. and M. A. Pastor-Corrales. Bean Production Problems in the Tropics. CIAT, Cali, Colombia. 654 pp.,
beans, diseases, frijol tapado, slash/mulch, web blight, Latin America, tropics, CIAT, mulching

562. Vargas, F.O. 1972. Cultural methods for control of Meloidogyne incognita (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Nematropica.
2(1): 11(english), 24(spanish).

Green manures/organic matter/biological control/nematodes/root knot/cover crops, mulch Meloidogyne incognita most effectively controlled by incorporating 25 tons cow manure into soil. Crotalaria less effective

563. Vargas Carranza, J.L. 1990. Practicas agricolas indigenas sostenibles en areas del bosque tropical humedo en Costa Rica. Geoistmo (Revista de la Asociación de Profesionales en Geografia de Costa Rica).
4(1-2): 94.

(Translation) " Sometimes the slashed vegetation is not burned, but with the cutting instruments (machetes, shovels, etc.) it is chopped up (se pica), weeks before the rains come, to accelerate the process of decomposition and plant in this material (the mulch)" page 49. Adaptation to very humid conditions and high rainfall. sustainable indigenous agricultural practices in the tropical humid forest of Costa Rica, Talamanca, Indians, slash/mulch

564. Vasey, D.E. 1992. An Ecological History of Agriculture. 10,000 B. C. - A. D 10,000. Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames. 363 pp.

Ecological History of Agriculture. 10,000 B. C. - A. D 10,000. slash/mulch system (p. 93), slash and burn, fire, agricultural systems, history and origins of agriculture,
raised beds in Papua New Guinea, rice in Thailand (7000 BC),

565. Versteeg, M.V. 1990. Mucuna helps control Imperata in Southern Benin. WAFSRN Bulletin.
(No. 7, June 1990): 7-8.

mucuna controls Imperata grass, farmer managed tests, mucuna dries down during the Harmatan but is sensitive to fire and thus easily burned, mucuna, velvet bean, green manure/cover crops, weeds, Imperata grass (Imperata cylindrica), control of Imperata, maize, mulch

566. Vicente-N, E. and N. Acosta. 1987. Effects of Mucuna deeringiana on Meloidogyne incognita. Nematropica.
17(1): 99-102.

Mucuna exudates reduced Meloidogyne incognita populations in experimental plots, Mucuna exudates reduced Meloidogyne incognita populations in experimental plots, root knot nematode, velvet bean, green manures, cover crops, tomato, Puerto Rico, disease, mulch

567. Vickers, W.T. 1978. Native Amazonian subsistence in diverse habitats: The Siona-Secoya of Ecuador . pp. 6-36. In: Moran, E. R. (ed.) Studies in Third World Societies. Publ. No. 7. Dept. of Anthropol., College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA.,
"An inventory of cultigens at the village of Shusufindi revealed no fewer than 54 species and 112 native taxa of food-producing plants.' (p. 15) shifting, slash and burn, slash/mulch, Ecuador, Amazon, tropical forests, diversity, fallow,

568. Vickers, W.T. and T. Plowman. 1984. Useful plants of the Siona and Secoya Indians of eastern Ecuador. Fieldiana Bot.
15: 1-63.

ethnobotany, Amazon, shifting, slash and burn, slash/mulch, Ecuador, tropical forests, diversity, fallow,

569. Vickers, W.T. 1989. Los Sionas y Secoyas. Su adaptación al ambiente amazónico. Ediciones Abya-Yala, Quito, Ecuador. 374 pp.

the agricultural practices of the Siona and Secoya people in the Amazon region of eastern Ecuador. Although they usually use a slash and burn system; sometimes, if they are unable to burn the slashed forest because of too much rain or other reasons, they plant in the mulch produced by the slash. They also might plant in wetter months during migrations to new settlement sites when there is a need to bring new plots into production as soon a possible. slash and burn, slash/mulch, Amazon, tropical forest,

570. Vilanova, T. ???? Usos y efectos del mulch en las plantacionses de cafeas. Centro Nacional de Agronomia,, San Salvador, El Salvador. 11 pp.

The use and effects of mulch in coffee plantations, mulching, organic matter, green manure crops,

571. Villareal, R. 1980. Tomatoes in the Tropics. Westview Press, Boulder, CO. 174 pp.

organic matter/hilling/Asia Tomatoes and other vegetables in Taiwan and Thailand grown on raised beds. Describes Thai beds. Use compost plus mulching

572. Vine, H. 1953. Experiments on the maintenance of soil fertility at Ibaden, Nigeria, 1922-51. The Empire J. of Exp. Agric.
21: 65-85.

Crop yields maintained for 12 years at Ibaden using green manures (Mucuna spp.) and crop rotations without other inputs. At other locations with higher rainfall and lower pH Mucuna didn't grow as well and yields declined. Organic matter decomposition alone supplied 10 years sufficient nutrients. Mucuna increased nitrogen not organic matter. Nigeria/West Africa/rotations/green manures/mucuna/velvet bean/cover crops, mulch Crop yields maintained for 12 years at Ibaden using green manures (Mucuna spp.) and crop rotations without other inputs. At other locations with higher rainfall and lower pH Mucuna didn't grow as well and yields declined. Organic matter decomposition alone supplied 10 years sufficient nutrients. Mucuna increased nitrogen not organic matter.

573. Vitousek, P.M. and R.L. Sanford. 1986. Nutrient cycling in moist tropical forest. Annual Review of Ecological Systems.
17: 137-167.

nutrient cycling, mulch, tropical forests, litter

574. Voelkner, H. 1979. Urgently needed: an ideal green mulch crop for the tropics. World Crops.
31(2): 76-78.

ideal green mulch crop for the tropics, green manure, slash mulch, organic matter, organic amendment, weed control

575. Von Platen, H.H., P. Rodriguez, and J. Lagemann. 1982. Farming Systems in Acosta-Puriscal, Costa Rica. CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica. 146 pp.

Farming systems/cropping systems/minimum tillage/tapado/Rhizoctonia/covered beans/mulching/fungi/Costa Rica/Central America/slash/mulch

576. Von Platen, H.H. 1985. Appropriate Land Use Systems of Smallholder Farms on Steep Slopes in Costa Rica: A Study on Situation and Development Possibilities. Wissenschaftsverlag Vauk., Kiel, Germany. 187 pp.

Minimum tillage/tapado/Costa Rica/Central America/ridges/mulching/hilling/slash/
mulch 'The essential part of soil preparation for tobacco planting is the establishment of terraces...On flat land the terraces may be only about 30 cm high, but on steeper land each ridge may be up to 80-90 cm below the one above. Organic matter is incorporated in the soil, thus improving soil fertility.' (p. 34)

577. Waalen, J. and M. Rosemeyer. 1990. Adapting a traditional agroecosystem to current needs. The Cultivar.
8(1): 3-4 and 15-16.

frijol tapado, slash/mulch, Rosemayer's work in Costa Rica, beans, phosphorus deficiency, fertilizer use, digging stick=espeque, espequeado, 80% of beans in 1981 were from frijol tapado, in 1987 only 50%, mulching, Rosemeyer's work in Costa Rica

578. Waddell, E. 1972. The Mound Builders: Agricultural Practices, Environment, and Society in the Central Highlands of New Guinea. Univ. of Washington Press, Seattle. 253 pp.

Ridges/mulching/hilling/raised/multiple cropping/sweet potatoes/yams Mounds for sweet potato 3.8 m in diameter x 0.6 m high (modó). Permit continuous cultivation without fallow. Use 20.2 kg vegetative matter/mound including old sweet potato vines, sugar cane, etc. When vegetative matter decomposes they close the mounds with soil. 2-3 harvests/year before mounds are reworked. 19 tons/hectare/year sweet potato (p. 120). Taro disease caused by 'virus' (Phytophthora colocasiae). Mounds cultivated continuously in one area since 1938

579. Waddill, V.H., et al. 1982. Seasonal abundance of the fall armyworm and velvetbean caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) at four locations in Florida (Spodoptera frugiperda, Anticarsia gemmatalis). Florida Entomological Society.
65(3): pp 350-354.

velvetbean, Florida, insect pest, velvetbean caterpillar, mucuna, cover crop, green manure, soybeans, mulch

580. Wade, M.K. and P.A. Sanchez. 1983. Mulching and green manure applications for continuous crop production in the Amazon basin. Agronomy Journal.
75: 39-45.

Mulching, green manure applications for continuous crop production in the Amazon basin, organic matter, organic amendments, mulch, Brazil

581. Wagner, P.L. 1958. Nicoya: A cultural geography. Publication in Geography (Univ. of Calif. Press, Berkeley).
12(3): 213-217.

Minimum tillage/tapado/rice/beans/Nicoya/mulching/Costa Rica/Central America/slash/mulch

582. Waid, J.S. and A. Chulan. Year. Release of Nitrogen from Decomposing Legume Roots and Nodules. In: A.S. Institute of Soil Science. Symposium on Paddy Soil. Nanjing, China: Springer Verlag.

China/Paddy Soil/Paddy Rice/Organic Fertilizer/Legumes/Green Manures/Nitrogen/Decomposition, N-Fixation, mulch From E. C. Ellis

583. Walters, D.T., et al. 1990. Specificity: The Context of Research for Sustainability. J. Soil & Water Conservation.
45: 55-57.

Sustainable Agriculture in Temperate Zones, orgainic matter, manure, selection, breeding, IPM, pests, animals, legumes, green manure, rotation, fallow, intercropping, multiple, policy, economics, mulch

584. Wardlaw, C.W. 1929. Virgin soil deterioration. Tropical Agric. (Trinidad).
6: 243-249.

Virgin soil deterioration, slash/mulch, establishment of banana plantations from virgin forest, United Fruit Co., slashed understory and planted bananas, after establishment, felled trees

585. Wardlaw, C.W. 1972. Banana Diseases Including Plantains and Abaca. Longman, London. 878 pp.

slash/mulch, establishment of banana plantations from virgin forest, United Fruit Co., slashed understory and planted bananas, after establishment, felled trees, banana diseases, Panama wilt, Sigatoka disease

586. Warren, G.F. Year. Technology transfer in no-tillage crop production in third world agriculture. In: I.O.a.D. Akobundu A. E. No-tillage Crop Production in the Tropics. Corvallis: IPPC, Oregon State University.

Minimum tillage/mulching Advantages of no-tillage (p. 26) include reducing incidence of certain soilborne diseases. Also may increase some disease problems.

587. Wassan, H. 1963. Ethnohistoria Chocoana y cinco cuentos. Etnologiska Studier 26. Gotemburgo.
: .

Choco Indians, mentions slash/mulch system according to Reina Torres de Arauz, mulching

588. Watanabe, I. 1984. Use of Green Manures in Northeast Asia In Organic Matter and Rice . Irri,
China/East Asia/Organic Fertilizer/Economic Analysis/Fertilizer Management/Green Manures/Soil Fertility, mulch From E. C. Ellis

589. Watson, J.R. 1916. Control of the velvet bean caterpillar. Agricultural Exp. Sta. Bull. 130, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL. pp. 45-58.

Watson (1916) issued a bulletin on the control of the velvet bean caterpillar and stated that it was the only serious pest of velvet beans in Florida where damage was often severe and sometimes disastrous. Susceptibility of different species and varieties of velvet bean varied considerably. The recommendation of lead arsenate powder for spraying would not be accepted today, but Watson's recommendation to leave the many natural enemies unmolested would be appropriate nowadays. Birds, lizards, skunks, wasps, moles, turkeys, and various predaceous insects were cited as enemies giving natural control of the velvet bean caterpillar. velvet beans, biological control, Anticarsia gemmatilis, green manures/cover crops, mulch S49 E 21

590. Watson, J.R. 1922. Bunch velvetbeans to control root-knot. Agricultural Exp. Sta. Bull. 163, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
velvetbean, root-knot nematodes, Velvetbean, Meloidogyne, disease, green manures/cover crops, mulch S49 E 21

591. Weber, G.F. 1939. Web-blight, a disease of beans caused by Corticium microsclerotia. Phytopathology.
29: 559-575.

fungi/minimum tillage/tapado/mulching/beans/Web blight/slash/mulch Corticium microsclerotia, Rhizoctonia solani, Thanatephorus cucumeris

592. Webster, C.C. and P.N. Wilson. 1999. Agriculture in the Tropics. 3rd ed. Longman, London. 640 pp.

Hilling/raised/ridges/tied ridges/terraces/soil erosion/slash and burn/fire/heat/green manures/rotations/fallow/ridges (pp. 167-169), tied ridges (p. 129), land management, farming systems, mulch

593. Weeraratna, S. 1990. External inputs for sustainable agriculture. ILEIA Newsletter.
6(3): 20-21.

organic amendments, mulches, Pacific islands, taro

594. Weightman, B. 1989. Agriculture in Vanuatu. A Historical Review. British Friends of Vanuatu, Surrey, Great Britain. 320 pp.

tropical crops, Pacific Islands, slash/mulch, yams, taro, raised beds, diseases, traditional agriculture, mounds, coffee, cacao, coconuts,

595. Weischet, W. and C.N. Cavides. 1993. The persisting ecological constraints of tropical agriculture. Longman, London. 319.

slash and burn, shifting, tropical soil and forests, agroforestry, colonization, erosion, green revolution, irrigation, paddy rice, organic matter, mulching

596. Wen, Q.X. 1984. Utilization of Organic Materials in Rice Production in China In Organic Matter and Rice . International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines.

Nitrogen/Rice/Paddy Rice/Organic Matter/Organic Fertilizers/China/Traditional Agriculture/Manure/Crop residues/Green manure, mulch From E. C. Ellis

597. West, R.C. 1957. The Pacific Lowland of Colombia: A Negroid Area of the American Tropics. Louisiana State University Studies. La. State University Press. Social Science Series, No. 8, Baton Rouge.
storage/South America/minimum tillage/slash/mulch/cultivation/mulching
/Choco/maize/Colombia/maize storage Tapado cutting is a community affair where the owner provides guarapo and a meal and reciprocates. 'Platform gardens' (p. 241 & 145, 143-146). Rainfall in Colombian Pacific lowlands ranges from 120-400', 80% of population is black, Quibdó rainfall averages 10,545.7 mm per year (p. 25), Buenaventura (p. 30) averages 6374.6 mm per year. Maize is hung in rafters near the hearth in round bundles (ensartos) where smoke will thoroughly dry it (p. 131).

598. Whitten Jr., N.E. 1974. Black Frontiersmen. A South American Case. Schenkman Publishing Co., New York. 221 pp.

Ecuador, Colombia, tropical forests, indigenous knowledge, Pacific coast, development, swidden, slash/mulch, cassava, rituals, colonization, Chocó Indians, Esmeraldas, F3722.1 C23 W621

599. Whitten Jr., N.E. 1976. Sacha Runa. Ethnicity and Adaptation of Ecuadorian Jungle Quichua. Univ. of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL. 348 pp.

Ecuador, tropical forests, indigenous knowledge, Amazonian rim, development, swidden, slash and burn, Chagra, slash/mulch, cassava, making and drinking chicha from cassava, rituals, colonization, Jivaroans, F3722.1 C23 W621

600. Wijewardene, R. 1980. Energy-conserving farming systems for the humid tropics. Agricultural Mechanization in Asia.
11(2): pp 47-53.

A tropical farmer spends about 60% of his time in controlling weeds, more if
tillage and land preparation are included. Slash-and-burn, the original
zero-tillage system, does not aggravate soil erosion whereas tillage to
control weeds for the next crop does. Herbicides offer a particularly
attractive alternative to tillage and the desiccated vegetation forms a
surface mulch reducing run-off and moisture and nutrient losses. slash and burn, slash/mulch, weeds,

601. Wijewardene, R. and P. Waidyanatha. 1989. Conservation Farming for Small Farmers in the Humid Tropics. Systems, Techniques and Tools. Marga Publications, Colombo, Sri Lanka. 39 pp.

Slash and burn, shifting, swidden, fire, fertility management, herbicides, mixed cropping, intercropping, zero and minimum tillage, no-till, erosion, mulches, weed control, pesticides, in situ mulches, live mulches, cover crops, green manures, alley cropping, agroforestry, steep slopes, fuelwood trees, fodder trees, Leucaena, Gliricidia, mulch

602. Wilk, R. 1985. Dry season agriculture among the Ketchi Maya and its implications for prehistory . In: Pohl, M. Prehistoric Lowland Maya Environment and Subsistence Economy. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass.

4000 mm rain/year, maize only crop planted (dibbled) in slash/mulch system, Ketchi Maya are now experimenting with mucuna (velvet bean) as their neighbors in Guatemala use it (see Carter 1969). Ketchi Maya, lowlands, slash/mulch, Belize, floodplain, riverbank agriculture, flood, floodwater recessional agriculture, vegetation for system is called "sajal", green manures/cover crops, maize, mulch

603. Wilk, R.R. 1991. Household ecology : economic change and domestic life among the Kekchi Maya in Belize. Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson. 280 pp.

Ketchi Maya, lowlands, slash/mulch, Belize, floodplain, riverbank agriculture, rice, maize, slash and burn, shifting, land tenure,

604. Wilken, G.C. 1972. Microclimate management by traditional farmers. Geographical Review.
62: 544-566.

microclimate management by traditional farmers, shade, tillage, mulch, climate ameliorating techniques G1 G35

605. Wilken, G.C. 1987. Good Farmers. Traditional Agricultural Resource Management in Mexico and Central America. University California Press,, Berkeley, CA. 302 pp.

'It (fire) is used primarily to dispose of organic debris in shifting cultivation systems, to clear plots of crop residues, to destroy weeds and weed seeds, and to produce fertilizer ash.' Ashes dusted over maize and vegetables for fungi (p. 48, p. 69). manures (p. 46), ridges, hilling, raised (p. 57, p. 130), terraces (incorporate organic matter), green manures (Sauco), organic matter, mulching, muck, tablon, camellones, architecture, multistorey cropping (p. 249), shade, spacing, irrigation, pesticides, mounds (p. 136), mulching (p. 229, p. 235), crop density (p. 246), household gardens (p. 250), planting date, multiple cropping (p. 253), intercropping, irrigation, traditional farmers, sanitation manures/ridges/hilling/raised/terraces/green manures/organic matter/mulching/muck/tablon/camellones/architecture/multistorey cropping/shade/spacing/irrigation/
pesticides/mounds/mulching/crop density/household gardens/planting date/multiple cropping/
intercropping/irrigation/traditional farmers/sanitation/cover crops/site selection, mulch Mann Call No. S451.7 W68 1987

606. Williams, P.H. 1979. Vegetable crop production in the People's Republic of China. Annual Review of Phytopathology.
17: pp. 311-324.

"This labor-intensive culture uses large quantities of organic matter and manure and apparently has reduced root diseases of crops to unimportance."(Cook and Baker, 1983; p. 438) Flooding important in rotation: 1-2 years of rice followed by vegetables on raised beds rotations/mulching/biological control/organic matter/organic amendments/crop residues/soil/China/Asia/hilling/Chinese

607. Wilmot-Dear, C.M. 1984. A revision of Mucuna (Leguminosae-Phaseolae) in China and Japan. Kew Bulletin.
39: 23-65.

Mucuna in China and Japan, green manure, Stizolobium, velvet bean, organic amendments, mulch, organic matter, cover crops, mulch

608. Wilson, G.F. and B.T. Kang. 1981. Developing stable and productive biological cropping systems for the humid tropics. In: Stonehouse, B. Biological Husbandry: A Scientific Approach to Organic Farming. Butterworths, London, pp. 193-203.

Mulching/cropping systems/slash and burn/fire/heat

609. Wilson, G.F., R. Lal, and B.N. Okigbo. 1982. Effects of cover crops on soil structure and on yield of subsequent arable crops grown under strip tillage on an eroded Alfisol. Soil Tillage Research.
2: 233-250.

cover crops, strip tillage, velvet bean, mucuna, IITA, soil conservation, green manures, mulch

610. Wilson, G.F. and K.L. Akapa. Year. Providing mulches for no-tillage cropping in the tropics. In: I.O. Akobundu and A.E. Deutsch. No-tillage Crop Production in the Tropics. Corvallis.: IPPC, Oregon State Univ.

Mulches reduce soil temperature, improve moisture, reduce disease. Mulching/no-till/minimum tillage/alley cropping

611. Wilson, G.F., B.T. Kang, and K. Mulongoy. 1986. Alley cropping: Trees as sources of green-manure and mulch in the tropics. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture.
3: 251-267.

Also pp.165-182 in: Lopez-Real, J. M. and R. D. Hodges (eds.) 1986. The Role of Microorganisms in a Sustainable Agriculture. AB Academic Publishers, Berkhamsted, UK. 246 pp. not traditional Alley cropping/mulching/organic matter/green manure/
trees/agroforestry/multiple cropping/mixed gardens, mulch S605.5/B59

612. Wilson, G.F. and R. Lal. 1986. New concepts for post-clearing land management in the tropics. In: Lal, R., Sanchez, P. A. and Cummings, Jr., R. W. Land Clearing and Development in the Tropics. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 371-381.

Mulching/fallow

613. Wittwer, S., et al. 1987. Feeding a Billion: Frontiers of Chinese Agriculture. Michigan State Univ. Press., E. Lansing. 462 pp.

"There are 1,300,000 hectares of land currently subject to severe wind and water erosion. 20% of China consists of mountains and plateaus in excess of 3000 m in elevation. 80% (over 800 million) of Chinese live in the countryside, and over 90% live in a land area roughly comparable to the eastern half of the United States." (p. 7) Terraces in China date back 2000 years mulching/Asia/traditional agriculture/multiple

614. Woodward, L. and L. Foster. 1988. The use of herbal leys in modern British organic farming systems. In: Allen, Patricia and Van Dusen, D. Global Perspectives on Agroecology and Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Vol. 1. Agroecology Program, University of California, Santa Cruz, pp. 421-431.

Organic matter/green manure/ley/organic farming/rotations/England/Europe/cover crops, mulch

615. Wortman, C.S., M. Isabirye, and S. Musa. 1994. Crotalaria ochroleuca as a green manure crop in Uganda. African Crop Science.
2(1): 55-61.

green manure, intercropping, maize, beans, mulch

616. Wrigely, G. 1988. Coffee. Longman., London. 633 pp.

Shade/coffee/mulching

617. Yadav, R.C. 1974. Note on the effect of mulches on the conservation of soil moisture and on maize
yield under semi-arid conditions. Central Arid Zone Res. Inst., Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. Indian J. of Agric. Sci.
44(4): 241-242.

maize, soil conservation, mulches

618. Yih, W.K. and J.H. Vandermeer. 1988. Plant mulches in a reconstructed chinampa in tropical Mexico: effects on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and potential for weed control. Biol. Agric. and Horticulture.
5(4): 365-374.

Chinampa, raised beds, mulches, weed control, Tabasco, Mexico

619. Yost, R.S., D.O. Evans, and N.A. Saidy. 1985. Tropical legumes for N production: growth and N content in relation to soil pH. Trop. Agric. (Trinidad).
62: 20-24.

Found that "at the low soil pH (4.7), mucuna produced the most dry matter and accumulate the most N in tops." At 10 weeks at a pH of 6.9 mucuna produced 70.8 kg N/ha and only Crotalaria produced more at 106.0 kg N/ha. Tropical legumes for N production: growth and N content in relation to soil pH, green manure, cover crops, Velvet beans, organic matter, mulching, organic amendments, Did experiments with Mucuna spp. (Stizolobium spp.), Crotalaria juncea, Lablab purpureus, Sesbania cannabina, S. gradiflora., mulch

620. Yost, R. and D. Evans. 1986. Green Manure and Legume Covers in the Tropics In . Hawaii Institute of Tropical Agriculture.
Green manures/Tropics/LEgumes/Legume crops/Cover crops/Rice/Sesbania/Rhizobia, mulch From E. C. Ellis

621. Zaffaroni, E., et al. 1982. Influencia del no laboreo en la produccion de maiz y frijol en Turrialba, Costa Rica. Rev. Latinamericana de Ciencas Agricolas (ALCA).
17: 29-44.

Different systems of planting beans and corn. maize/mulching/no-till/minimum tillage/multiple cropping/intercropping
/Costa Rica/Central America

622. Zelaya Chávez, I.A. 1994. Evaluación de tres sistemas de labranza sobre el comportameinto de plagas y respuestas agronomicas del maiz en monocultivo asociado con el friol de cobertura Stizolobium deeringianum (L.) Bort. In . Escuela Agricola Panamericana.
Velvet beans, Mucuna, green manures, cover crops, organic matter, mulching, organic amendments, slash/mulch, maize, mulch MBA (from Honduras) - File

623. Zuckerman, B.M. and R.A. Rhode. 1981. Plant Parasitic Nematodes. 3: Academic Press, New York.
Biological control/nematodes/organic matter/organic amendments/crop residues/soil/rotations/mulching/disease