1. Abawi, F. 1989. Velvetbeans: an alternative to improve small farmer's agriculture. Informationcentre for Low External Input Agriculture (ILEIA) Newsletter.
5(2): 8-9.

Velvet beans/Mucuna/green manures/organic matter/mulching/cover crops

2. Abawi, G. and H.D. Thurston. 1994. Effects of organic mulches, soil amendments, and cover crops on soilborne plant pathogens and their root diseases. . pp. 89-99. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How Farmers Use It, and What Researchers Know About It.. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ. Ithaca, NY., Ithaca, NY.

effects of organic mulches, soil amendments, and cover crops on soilborne plant pathogens and their root diseases, organic matter, biological control, mulching,

3. Abdul-Baki, A., J.R. Teasdale, and C. Prince. Year. Winter annual legumes as mulches in vegetable productionMid-Atlantic Vegetable Workers' Conference. Univ. of Delaware:

hairy vetch, slash/mulch, tomato, organic matter, polyethelyne mulch, HDT File

4. Abdul-Baki, A. and J.R. Teasdale. 1993. A no-tillage tomato production system using hairy vetch and subterranean clover mulches. HortScience.
28(2): 106-108.

Abstract. A novel approach is described for using two winter annual legumes-hairy vetch (Vicia villosa L. Roth.) and "Mt. Barker" subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) as cover crops and plant mulches in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) production. The approach calls for sowing the cover crops in the fall in prepared beds, mowing the cover crops with a high-speed flail mower immediately before transplanting the tomato seedlings into the field in early May, and then transplanting the seedlings into the beds with minimal interruption of the soil or mulch cover. Plants in the vetch treatment with no tillage produced a higher yield than those grown under black polyethylene, paper, or no mulch in conventional systems. Both plant mulches delayed fruit maturity by about 10 days relative to black polyethylene mulch. The proposed approach eliminates tillage, reduces the need for applying synthetic fertilizers and herbicides, and is adapted to large and small-scale tomato production in a low-input, no-tillage system. It also may be used to produce other vegetables. hairy vetch, slash/mulch, tomato, organic matter, paper mulch, polyethelyne mulch

5. Abdul-Baki, A.A. and J.R. Teasdale. 1994. Sustainable production of fresh-market tomates with organic mulches. U.S.D.A., Farmers' Bull. FB-2279, Washington, D.C. 10 pp.

Beds are established and used for 2-3 years. Hairy vetch produces 3,000 to 5,000 pounds of dry matter/acre and fices 100-200 llbs. of N/acre (plus other nutrients) - enough for tomato crop without additonal fertilizer. Use a high-speed flail mower to mulch the vetch. Tomates planted mechanically or by hand in small areas - into mulch. "This no-tillage system with a winter-annual cover crop has consistently yielded greater total fruit than traditional bare soil or black polyethylene mulch treatments. It eliminates the use of preemergence herbicides, nitrogen fertilizer, and polyethylene mulches, resulting in economic savings and environmental conservation. By reducing tillage and adding a cover crop, it builds soil quality and contributes to the sustainability of production for future generations." hairy vetch, slash/mulch, tomato, organic matter, polyethelyne mulch, cover crop,

6. Abdul-Baki, A.A. and J.R. Teasdale. Year. Establishment and yield of sweet corn and snap beans in a hairy vetch mulchFouth National Symposium on Stand Establishment of Horticultural Crops. Monterey, California: Dept. of Vegetable Crops, Davis, CA.

yields in mulch similar to that in conventional systems hairy vetch, slash/mulch, maize, snap beans, organic matter, polyethelyne mulch, cover crop, HDT File

7. Acland, J.D. 1971. East African Crops. Longman, London. 252 pp.

East Africa, crops, tropical crops, rotations, ridges, raised, soils, shade, disease, insects, mulches, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda. mulches

8. Acosta, N., et al. 1991. Crop rotation systems and population levels of nematodes. J. Agric., Univ. Puerto Rico.
75: 399-405.

Crop rotation systems, population levels of nematodes, mucuna, velvet bean , root knot, maize, tomatoes, mucuna rotation, controls nematodes, disease, green manure, cover crops, mulch

9. Adams, J.E. 1966. Influence of mulches on runoff, erosion and soil moisture depletion. Soil Sci. Soc. America Proc.
30: 110-114.

mulches, runoff, erosion, soil moisture depletion.

10. Agboola, A. and G.E. Udom. 1967. Effects of weeding and mulching on the response of late maize to fertilizer treatments. Nigerian Agricultural J.
4: 69-72.

The yields of maize were doubled with mulching compared to the no mulch treatment weed control, maize, mulching, Nigeria S17 N68

11. Aguilar, J. 1982. Técnicas tradicionales de cultivo. Arbol, Mexico, D. F. 120 pp.

slash and burn, milpa, maize, chinampas, rotation, mounds, hilling, bean/maiz, mulch, doblando la mazorca

12. Aguilar, H., A. Haüserman, and M. Zantúa. 1989. Coberturas vivas de frijol de abono. Paginas Divulgativas de FHIA (Fundación Hondureña de Investigación Agricola).
7(Marzo 1989): 1-4.

velvetbean, mucuna, cover crop, slash/mulch, Honduras, FHIA

13. Akobundu, I.O. 1980. Live mulch: a new approach to weed control and crop production in the tropics (Arachis repens, Centrosema pubescens, wild winged bean, Psophocarpus palustris, Nigeria). pp. 377-382. In: C. Wheeler, J. Holroyd (eds.) Proceedings of the 1980 British Crop Protection Conference - Weeds, (15th British Weed Control Conference), 17-20 Nov. 1980, Brighton. UK.
Nigeria, weeds, live mulches, wild peanut, wing bean,

14. Akobundu, I.O. 1982. Live mulch crop production in the tropics In World Crops. pp. 125-126 and 144-145.

Live mulch crop production in the tropics, slash mulch,

15. Akobundu, I.O. and A.E. Deutsch. Year. No-tillage Crop Production in the TropicsNo-tillage Crop Production in the Tropics. Corvallis, USA: International Plant Protection Center, Oregon State Univ.

No-till/minimum tillage/mulching

16. Akobundu, I.O. 1984. Advances in live mulch crop production in the tropics. Proc. Western Soc. of Weed Science.
37: 51-57.

Live mulch (Psophocarpus palustris Desv.) eliminated weeding. Mulching/green manure/no-till/minimum tillage/cover crops

17. Akobundu, I.O. 1993. Integrated weed management techniques to reduce soil degredation. IITA Research.
(6. March 1993): 11-16.

weeds, soil erosion, soil management, alley cropping, cover crops, living (live) mulch,

18. Alcorn, J.B. 1990. Indigenous agroforestry strategies meeting farmer's needs . pp. 141-151. In: Anderson, A. B. (ed.) Alternatives to deforestation: steps towards sustainable use of the Amazon rain forest. Columbia University Press, New York., New York.

indigenous agriculture, traditional, Mexico, Huastec Maya, slash and burn, mulch, homegarden, agroforestry,

19. Alemán, R. and M. Flores. 1993. Algunos datos sobre Canavalia ensiformis. Some data about Canavalia (Canavalia ensiformis) In . CIDICCO.
Canavalia, cover crops/green manures, mulch MBA (from Honduras). 1 copy in English and 1 in Spanish

20. Alfaro, R. and H. Waaijenberg. 1991. A time-proven way of growing beans. ILEIA Newsletter.
7(1&2): 33.

frijol tapado, slash/mulch, Costa Rica, beans, maize, Colocasia esculenta also grown in system, Minimum tillage, tapado, beans, mulching, slash/mulch, nodulation,

21. Alfaro, R. and H. Waaijenberg. 1992. El cultivo de frijol tapado en Costa Rica: un resumen de investigaciones, 1978-1991. CATIE-MAG-UAW. Informe Tecnico CATIE No. 190, Turrialba, Costa Rica. 12 pp.

El cultivo de frijol tapado en Costa Rica: un resumen de investigaciones, 1978-1991, covered beans, Minimum tillage, Costa Rica, Central America, web blight, Rhizoctonia solani, Thanatephorus cucumeris, fungi, mulching, slash/mulch, organic matter, organic amendments, fertilizer,

22. Alfaro Monge, R. 1994. Improving the frijol tapado system . pp. 209-214. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.
Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How farmers use it, and what researchers know about it. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.

Improving the frijol tapado system, beans, Costa Rica, minimum tillage, Central America, mulching, Costa Rica, slash/mulch

23. Allen, B.J. 1985. Dynamics of fallow successions and introduction of robusta coffee in shifting cultivation areas in the lowlands of Papua New Guinea. Agroforestry Systems.
3: 227-238.

Mulching/fallow successions/robusta coffee/shifting cultivation/lowlands of Papua New Guinea/Asia/slash and burn/fire/heat/rotations/diversity Mulch of leaves of Pommetia tree for yams

24. Altieri, M.A. 1987. Agroecology: The Scientific Basis of Alternative Agriculture. Westview Press, Boulder, CO. 227 pp.

Multiple Cropping/diversity/Agroecology/ Alternative Agriculture/sustainable, ecology, cover cropping and mulching, pest management,

25. Alvarado, A., O.A. Navarro, and L.U. Lorio. 1994. Low input technology for the fertilization of beans in the tapado system. . pp. 179-189. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.
Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How farmers use it, and what researchers know about it. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.

Low input technology for the fertilization of beans in the tapado system, frijol tapado, minimum tillage, Central America, mulching, digging stick, Costa Rica

26. Amador, M. 1995. Reflexiones socioeconomicos del frijol tapado: la experiencia de los agricultores de Acosta y Coto Brus In . CEDECO.
Costa Rica, Beans, socio-economic aspects, slash/mulch HDT file

27. Anderson, J.M. and M.J. Swift. 1983. Decomposition in tropical forests In Sutton, S. L., T. C. Whitmore and A. C. Chadwick. (eds.) Tropical rain forest; ecology and management . Blackwell, Oxford, UK.

"Alternative solutions are required for areas of the tropics employing planned manipulation of decompositon and nutrient release such as mulching, mixed cropping, and other litter resource management techniques", discusses measurement of decomposition, Decomposition, tropical forests, litter, slash and burn, termites

28. Andrews, K.L. 1987. La importancia de las babosas veronicéllidos en Centroamerica. CEIBA.
28: 149-153.

babosas veronicéllidos, slugs, Central American, mulches, losses, part of a conferences on slugs with CATIE, slash/mulch

29. Anon. 1989. A successful technology for small farmers In International Agricultural Development. 18-19.

sunhemp, Crotalaria ochroleuca, tropical legume, mulching, planted between bananas, citrus, and coconut and, when cut, provides good mulch,

30. Araya V., R. and W.G. M. 1986. El sistema de frijol tapado en Costa Rica. In .
frijol tapado, minimum tillage, tapado, web blight, Rhizoctonia solani, Thanatephorus cucumeris, fungi, beans, mulching, slash/mulch HDT file

31. Araya V., R. and W. Gonzalez. 1987. El frijol bajo el sistema tapado en Costa Rica. Ciudad Univ., Rodrigo Facio, San José, Costa Rica. 272 pp.

Minimum tillage/tapado/web blight/
Rhizoctonia solani/Thanatephorus cucumeris/fungi/beans/mulching/slash/
mulch

32. Araya V., R. and W. Gonzalez M. 1994. The history and future of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown under the slash/mulch system ("tapado") in Costa Rica . pp. 11-17. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How Farmers Use It, and What Researchers Know About It. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.,
frijol tapado, slash/mulch, Costa Rica, history of system, beans, erosion, weeds

33. Archer, W.A. 1937. Exploration of the Choco Intendancy of Colombia. Sci. Monthly.
44: 418-434.

Describes slash/mulch. Chocó. Balboa ascended the Rio Atrato in 1511. He and other Spainards attracted by gold in Chocó, nothing found on agriculture

34. Arellanes, P. 1994. Factors influencing the adoption of hillside agriculture technologies in Honduras In . M. Sc. Thesis. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
slash/mulch, mucuna, velvet bean, economics, Honduras, green manure/cover crops, organic matter, mulching, organic amendments,

35. Arevalo-Mendez, I. 1994. The assessment and development of sustainable hillside conservation technology for small farms in Central America In . Loughborough Univ. of Technology, Dept. of Geography, UK.
weed control, cover crops, green manure, Guinope, Honduras, Zamorano, tropical rainforest degredation, soil erosion, soil conservation, mulching, green manures, cover crops, mucuna, velvet bean, Canavalia, Dolichos (lablab bean), maize,

36. Arévalo R., J. and J. Jimenez Osornio. 1988. Nescafe (Stizolobium pruriens (L.) Medic. var. utilis Wall ex Wight) como un ejemplo de experimentacion campesina en el tropico humedo Mexicano In Cuatro estudios sobre sistemas tradicionales S. Del Amo R., Editor. Instituto Nacional Indigenista, Mexico, D.F., Mexico.

Experimentation by traditional farmers/nescafe/Stizolobium pruriens/organic matter/green manure/rotations/Mexico/Central America/Mucuna/Velvet bean/mulching/Farmer experimentation, green manure/cover crops

37. Arias, F. and M. Amador. Year. Frijol tapado, un sistema ventajoso para el pequeño agricultor. In: M. Bolaños Arquin and I.B. Arquin. I Simposio Sobre Tecnologia Apropiada y Agricultura Biologica Para un Desarrollo Rural Alternativo. San José, Costa Rica.: CICDAA, COPROALDE, Univ. Costa Rica.

frijol tapado, minimum tillage, tapado, web blight, Rhizoctonia solani, Thanatephorus cucumeris, fungi, beans, slash/mulch, less problem with insect (Diabrotica) in tapado system, slugs a problem (Vaginulus spp.), 85% of beans in Costa Rica are from small farmers (campesinos) according to the Agricultural Census of 1984, mulching, 65% of beans in Costa Rica are from frijol tapado

38. Ayanlaja, S.A. and J.O. Sanwo. 1991. Management of soil organic matter in the farming systems of the low land humid tropics of West Africa. A review. Soil Technology.
4(3): 265-277.

Soil organic matter is the key to successful and sustained productivity of soils of the tropics. This is because soil organic matter positively affects structure, aggregation, porosity, microbial activity, pore size distribution and water retention capacity of the soil. Furthermore, soil organic matter is the major nutrient storage site for the low-activity-clay soils of the tropics and so affect nutrient retention capacity, availability and mobility of macro- and micro-nutrients. It increases the water use efficiency, and therefore attenuate runoff and erosion and consequently the productivity of the soil. soil organic matter, soil amendments, mulches, erosion, slash and burn, runoff, S 590 S 695

39. Baars, B. 1993. Mycorrhizae. Beneficial or parasymbiont. Its relation to crop decline in shifting cultivation. Foundation for Ecodevelopment, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 48 pp.

Mycorrhizae, fungi, slash and burn, shifting, rainforests, tropical forests, agroforestry, mulching, slash/mulch, litter, alley cropping, soil fertility, organic matter

40. Baker, K.F. and R.J. Cook. 1974. Biological Control of Plant Pathogens. Freeman, San Francisco. 433 pp.

Flooding/paddy/rice/mulching

41. Bandy, D.E. and P.A. Sanchez. 1981. Managed Kudzu fallow as an alternative to shifting cultivation in Yurimaguas, Peru. Agronomy Abstracts.
: p. 40.

Land which had been in fallow to (a) Kudzu for 1-5 ye or (b) a natural 25 yr forest fallow - was slashed and burned or slashed only in April 1980 and a maize/rice/groundnut succession was grown. Maize and rice grain yields were 2.1 and 2.8 t/ha respectively, after (b). After 1-3 years of fallow of (a) slashed and burned or slashed only, grain yeilds were 76 and 92%, respectively of (b).
(0472 in Robison 1992). slash/mulch/Kudzu/fallow/maize/rice/
groundnut

42. Bandy, D.E. and P.A. Sanchez, ed. 1986. Post-clearing soil management alternatives for sustained production in the Amazon. Land Clearing and Development in the Tropics, ed. R. Lal, P.A. Sanchez, andR.W. Cummings Jr. A. A. Balkema. 450 pp.: Rotterdam. pp. 347-361.

NDG on Mulching, soil management,Peru,South America, Amazon, peanuts

43. Bantilan, R.T., C.C. Bantilan, and e. al. Year. Indigofera tinctoria L. as a green manure crop in rainfed rice based cropping systems. IRRI Saturday Seminar,
Los Banos, Laguna (Philippines): IRRI Saturday Seminar,
Los Banos, Laguna (Philippines).

slash/mulch system???, green manure

44. Barreto, H. 1994. Evaluation and utilization of different mulches and cover crops for maize production in Central America. . pp. 157-167. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How Farmers Use It, and What Researchers Know About It. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.,
Evaluation and utilization of different mulches and cover crops for maize production in Central America, mucuna, velvet bean, slash/mulch, mulching, green manure/cover crops

45. Baxter, J. 1995. Chromolaena odorata. Weed for the killing or shrub for the tilling. Agroforestry Today.
7(2): 6-8.

Chromolaena odorata was once called Eupatorium odoratum, it is indigenous to Central America, rubber, oil palm and coconut plantation owners want to get rid of it as a noxious weed, using biological control to get rid of it, but it suppresses Imperata cylindrica and small farmers in Indonesia use it as a soil fertilizer. It is a good cover crop and green manure for various crops (ie. cassava and irrigated rice), Imperata cylindrica, Chromolaena odorata, bush-fallow rotation, succession, slash-and-burn, fallow period, biomass, land-use intensification, noxious weeds, mulch

46. Becker, M., J.K. Ladha, and J.C.G. Ottow. 1994. Nitrogen Losses and Lowland Rice Yield as Affected by Residue Nitrogen Release. Soil Science Society of America Journal.
58: 1660-1665.

Nitrogen/Paddy Rice/Residue Management/N-Losses/N-Cycling/Green Manure/Sesbania/Fertilizer-Use-Efficiency/mulch

47. Beer, J. 1987. Advantages, disadvantages and desirable characteristics of shade trees for coffee, cacao and tea. Agroforestry Systems.
5: 3-13.

Shade/mulching/CATIE/coffee/cacao/tea/agroforestry/multiple cropping/mixed gardens Shade trees can act as alternate hosts for diseases and insects. Gives advantages and disadvantages. Lists references on diseases/shade

48. Beingolea Ochoa, J. 1993. Utilizacion de tarwi como abono verde en el programa de Chiroqasa del norte de Potosi, Bolivia . pp. 33-40. In: Buckles, D. Gorras y Sombreros: Caminos Hacia la Colaboración entre Technicos y Campesinos. CIMMYT, Mexico.,
tarwi, Andes, green manure, guano, Bolivia, organic matter, high altitude, lupine, mulch

49. Bellows, B.C. 1992. Sustainability of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Farming on Steep Lands in Costa Rica: An Agronomic and Socio-Economic Assessment. In . Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. of Florida, Gainesville. 232 pp.
Sustainability of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) farming on steep lands in Costa Rica: an agronomic and socio-economic assessment. slash/mulch, frijol tapado, minimum tillage, tapado, mulching, frijol espeque (dibble stick system), web blight,

50. Bellows, B. 1994. Frijol tapado, frijol espeque, and labranza zero: a socioeconomic and agroecological comparison of bean production methods in Costa Rica. . pp. 115-128. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How Farmers Use It, and What Researchers Know About It. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.,
Frijol tapado, frijol espeque, and zero tillage: a socioeconomic and agroecological comparison of bean production methods in Costa Rica, slash/mulch, minimum tillage, Central America, mulching, digging stick,

51. Bhatti, H.M., M. Yasin, and M. Rashid. Year. Evaluation of Sesbania Green Manuring in Rice-Wheat Rotation. In: K.A. Malik, S.H.M. Naqvi, andM.I.H. Aleem. Nitrogen and the Environment. Lahore, Pakistan: Ghulami Printers.

Nitrogen Balance Sheets/Nitrogen Budgets/Mineralization/Nitrogen Fertilizers/Green Manures/Rice/Crop Rotation/Wheat/Sesbania/mulch (03) Ayub Agricultural Research Institute (08) Ed.S (13) Lahore, Pakistan

52. Bin, J. 1983. Utilization of Green Manure for Raising Soil Fertility in China. Soil Science.
135(1): 65-69.

China/Green Manure/Traditional Agriculture/mulch

53. Birchfield, W. and F. Bistline. 1956. Cover crops in relation to the burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis. Plant Disease Reporter.
40: 398-399.

burrowing nematodes/biological control/trap crops/nematodes/cover crops/mulch Crotalaria spp. were immune to Radopholus similis and thus recommended as a green manure for cleared and fumigated spreading decline (citrus) plantations. C. spectabilis, C. striata, Radopholus similis

54. Blanco, J. and L. Hilje. 1995. Efecto de coberturas al suelo sobre la abundancia de Bemisia tabaci y la incidencia de virosis en tomate. Manejo Integrado de Plagas.
(No. 35): 1-10.

30 day old tomatoes in trays were protected by a fine net; Treatments were silver plastics, dark green plastic, weeds, mucuna, cinquillo (Drymaria cordata) and a control. "All covers, except green plastic, reduced adult abundance and delayed the incidence of virosis, with respect to the control." mucuna, cover crops, green manures, white flies, virus in tomatoes, mulch

55. Bolaños Arquín, M. and I.B. Arquín, ed. 1991. Memoria. I Simposio sobre Tecnologia Apropiada y Agricultura Biologica para un Desarolla Rural Alternativo. COPROALDE. Univ. de Costa Rica: San José. 208 pp.

appropriate technology, agricultural biology, alternative rural agricultural development, frijol tapado, velvet beans, azolla, diseases and insects of crops in Costa Rica, potatoes, pesticides, solar energy, organic pesticides, slash/mulch, green manure/cover crops HDT file

56. Borel, E. and P. Pélegrin. 1951. La culture du bananier au Cameroun. Fruits.
6: 421-427.

Banana culture in Cameroon used the same slash/mulch system that was used in Central America, plantations established from tropical forest, slashed understory and planted bananas, after establishment, felled trees

57. Bornemisza, E. and A. Alvarado. 1975. Soil Management in Tropical America. University Consortium on Soils of the Tropics by the Soil Science Dept., North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N. C. and CIAT, Cali, Colombia. 565 pp.

Soil Management in Tropical America, cover crops, green manures, organic matter, tillage, mulch

58. Borst, G. 1986. Observations on a biological root rot control trial in the Fallbrook Area. California Avocado Society Yearbook, 70: , pp 107-110.

Root rot/fungi Mulching controls Phytophthora cinnamoni

59. Boucher, D.H., et al. 1983. Out-of-season planting of grain legumes as green manure for a tropical raised-field agro-ecosystem. Biol. Agric. and Hort.
1: 127-133.

hilling/raised bed/organic matter/green manure/fertilizer/Central America/diversity/selection/cover crops, mulch Used bean and cowpeas as green manure which suppressed weeds. 'Water hyacinth is capable of producing about 1 kg/m2 dry matter biomass, averaging about 1% nitrogen, every 3 months, which means that in theory the canals could supply the platforms with 400 kg/hectare of nitrogen each year.' Hyacinth has 96% water content, chinampas in Nacajuca

60. Bouldin, D.R. 1988. Effect of green manure on soil organic matter content and nitrogen availability. . In: International Rice Research Institute, ed., Green manure in rice farming: Proceedings of a symposium on sustainable agriculture. IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines. pp. 151­164., Los Banos, Philippines.

green manure on soil organic matter content and nitrogen availability, green manures may contribute (over 100 kg N per ha annually?) rice, organic matter, cover crops, nitrogen, mulch

61. Bowen, W.T. 1987. Estimating the nitrogen contribution of legumes to succeeding maize on an oxisol in Brazil In . Ph.D. Thesis. Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. 178 pp.
Brazil, green manures, organic matter, mulch

62. Bowen, W.T., et al. 1988. Screening legume green manures as nitrogen sources to succeding non-legume crops. I. The fallow method. Plant and Soil.
111: 75-80.

Screening legume green manures as nitrogen sources to succeding non-legume crops/fallow method/organic amendments, organic matter, mulch, Brazilian Cerrado , maize, velvet bean, mucuna, oxisols, green manure/cover crops, mulch S583 P71

63. Bradley, P. and P. Dewees., ed. 1991. Indigenous woodlands, agricultural production and household economy in the communal areas. pp. 63-137. In: Bradley, P. N. and K. McNamara. Living With Trees. Policies for Forestry Management in Zimbabwe. World Bank Tech. Paper No. 210. World Bank, Washington, D. C.: Washington, D. C.
mulch, traditional agroforestry, leaf litter, Zimbabwe, manure, erosion, conservation,

64. Brass, L.J. 1941. Stone age agriculture in New Guinea. Geogr. Rev.
31: 555-569.

Dani of Baliem Valley, West Irian, New Guinea found in 1938 by Archbold Expedition. Raised fields in New Guinea "are made, instead, to get at the rich black swamp deposits and virgin alluvial material of subsurface levels, which, when spread over the impoverished topsoil, bring a new lease on life to the land." "But the procedure, as observed, is first to cover the ground with a mattress of cut grass, then to heap the excavated materials on this in a bed 12-15 inches thick." (p. 569) Excellent pictures Asia/mulching/organic matter/hilling

65. Brewbaker, J.L. 1987. Leucaena: a multipurpose tree genus for tropical agroforestry . pp. 290-323. In: Steppler, H. A. and P. K. R. Nair. (eds.) Agroforestry: A Decade of Development. ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya.,
Leucaena, tropical agroforestry, slash/mulch, alley cropping

66. Brewbaker, J.L. 1989. Leucaena: can there be such a thing as a perfect tree? Agroforestry Today.
1(4): 4-7.

leucaena, slash/mulch, collection of 2000 accessions

67. Brewbaker, J.L. 1990. Nitrogen fixing trees . pp. 253-261. In: Werner, D. and P. Müller, ed. 1990. Fast Growing Trees and Nitrogen Fixing Trees. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart.,
Biannual lopping (slash/mulch) of leucaena in coffee plantations in Bali result in N fertilization of 30-80 kg/ha per year nitrogen fixing trees, agroforestry, green manures, shade, slash/mulch

68. Brownrigg, L.A. 1986. Al Futuro desde la Experiencia: Los Pueblos Indigenas y el Manejo del Medio Ambiente. Ediciones Abya-Yala, Quito., Quito, Ecuador. 243 pp.

Management of the envrionment, Andes, Peru, Bolivia, terraces, irrigation, homegardens , slash and burn, mentions "corta y cubierta" ie. slash/mulch (p. 97), but no details, potatoes, high altitude traditional agriculture, mulching,

69. Buck, L.E., J.P. Lassoie, and E.C.M. Fernandes, ed. 1999. Agroforestry in Sustainable Agricultural Systems. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL. 416 pp.

agroforestry, sustainable, tropics, nutrient cycling, pest management, mulch, cropping systems, fuel,

70. Buckles, D., B. Triomphe, and G. Sain. 1988. Cover Crops in Hillside Agriculture: Farmer Innovation with Mucuna. IDRC, Ottawa, Canada.
A persistent bane of the small farm is land degradation, especially on
hillsides. In finding solutions to this problem, the farmers of northern
Honduras are at the forefront. Having been excluded from the prime coastal
lands by the elite classes and large agroindustries, these farmers have
been developing ways of managing an aggressive vining legume called
velvetbean
(Mucuna spp.) and adapting it to the needs of maize production. The
practice that they have developed over the past 20 years
both enhances productivity and conserves the resource base - a rare
combination in a hillside environment.
This book provides a comprehensive evaluation of the use of
velvetbean as a cover crop on the hillsides on northern Honduras.It sheds
light on the opportunities and constraints presented by cover crops in the
humid tropics and, perhaps most importantly, tells a story of successful
farmer innovation. green manures, cover crops, organic matter, mulching, organic amendments, velvet beans, cover crops, slash/mulch, Central
America, farmer innovation, mucuna "With the fertilizer bean, cowardly
land becomes brave."
- Teodoro Reyes, La Danta, Honduras

71. Buckles, D. and e. al. 1991. Resultados de la encuesta exploratoria sobre el uso de frijol de abono (Stizolobium deeringianum) en laderas del litoral Atlantico de Honduras. In Analysis de Los Ensayos Regionales de Agronomia, 1990 CIMMYT, Editor. Programa Regional de Maíz Para Centro America, Panamá y El Caribe. CIMMYT. 137 pp., Mexico.

In 1990 personnel of the Honduran government and CIMMYT interviewed 188 farmers from 27 farming communities in the Atlantic Coast of Honduras relative to their use of velvet bean in maize culture. Over 60% of the farmers in the region use velvet bean, which has been in use in the region for about 16 years. Advantages cited by farmers in respect to the use of velvet bean were better yields, a source of nutrients, weed control, and ease of chapeo. Control of erosion, moisture conservation, and cost reduction was mentioned by only a few farmers. Problems found with the use of velvet bean farmers mentioned were creation of a favorable environment for rats, rabbits, ants and grasshoppers. Various forms of velvet bean/maize management were found in the area. green manures, cover crops, mucuna, mulch

72. Buckles, D. 1992. Hearing the mucuna story. ILEIA Newsletter.
8(3): 30-31.

mucuna system used for 40 years Mucuna, Velvet beans, green manures/cover crops, organic matter, mulching, organic amendments, slash/mulch, Mexico, Honduras, Central America, weeds,

73. Buckles, D., ed. 1993. Gorras y Sombreros: Caminos Hacia la Colaboración entre Technicos y Campesinos. CIMMYT: Mexico, D. F. 123 pp.

green manures, cover crops, mucuna, velvet bean, campesinos, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico, Aisa, maize, Benin, Africa, Bolivia,
slash/mulch

74. Buckles, D., et al. 1994. "Cowardly land becomes brave". The use and diffusion of fertilizer bean (Mucuna deeringianum) on the hillsides of Atlantic Honduras. pp. --- In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.
Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How farmers use it, and what researchers know about it. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.
"Cowardly land becomes brave". The use and diffusion of fertilizer bean (Mucuna deeringianum) on the hillsides of Atlantic Honduras, Velvet beans, green manures, organic matter, mulching, organic amendments, slash/mulch, mucuna, organic matter, CIIFAD, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, green manures/cover crops,

75. Buckles, D. 1994. Velvetbean: A "new" plant with a history. CIMMYT Internal Document, Mexico. 21.

velvetbean, mucuna, taxonomy, history, Asia, Africa, slash/mulch, weeds, control of Imperata cylindrica, Latin America, USA, literature review, green manures, cover crops,

76. Buckles, D. and H.J. Barreto. 1994. Aumentando la sustenabilidad de los sistemas de agricultura migratoria con leguminosas de cobertura: consideraciones tecnicas y socioeconomicas . pp. 123-138. In: CIMMYT. Memoria sobre las políticas para una agricultura sustenable en la Sierra de los Tuxtulas y Santa Marta, Veracruz,
maize, rotations, cover crops, green manures, legumes, mucuna, velvet bean, extension, slash and burn, Chiapas, Mexico, conservation, erosion, intercorpping, mulch

77. Buckles, D., L. Artega, and M. Soule. 1994. Extension campesino a campesino de los abonos verdes en la Sierra de Santa Marta, Veracruz, Mexico . pp. 139-154. In: CIMMYT. Memoria sobre las políticas para una agricultura sustenable en la Sierra de los Tuxtulas y Santa Marta, Veracruz,
green manures, cover crops, picapica mansa, mucuna, velvet bean, extension to farmers, erosion, conservation, maize, Mexico, mulch

78. Buckles, D. 1994. El Frijol terciopelo: Una planta "nueva" con historia In . CIMMYT.
velvetbean, mucuna, taxonomy, history, Asia, Africa, slash/mulch, weeds, control of Imperata cylindrica, Latin America, USA, literature review, green manures, cover crops,

79. Buckles, D. 1994. Velvetbean: A "new" plant with a history. CIMMYT Internal Document, Mexico. 21.

velvetbean, mucuna, taxonomy, history, Asia, Africa, slash/mulch, weeds, control of Imperata cylindrica, Latin America, USA, literature review, green manures/cover crops,

80. Buckles, D. 1995. Velvetbean: a "new" plant with a history. Econ. Botany.
49(1): 13-25.

velvetbean, mucuna, taxonomy, history, Asia, Africa, slash/mulch, weeds, control of Imperata cylindrica, Latin America, USA, literature review, green manures/cover crops,

81. Buckles, D. and H. Perales. 1995. Farmer-based experimentation with velvetbean: innovation within tradition. CIMMYT Internal Document, Mexico, D. F. 22 pp.

velvetbean, mucuna, history, Mexico, Latin America, green manures, cover crops, farmer participation, innovation, mulch

82. Buckles, D., B. Triomphe, and G. Sain. 1998. Cover Crops in Hillside Agriculture
Farmer Innovation with Mucuna. IDRC/CIMMYT, Ottawa, Canada. 230 pp.

A persistent bane of the small farm is land degradation, especially on hillsides. In finding solutions to this problem, the farmers of northern Honduras are at the forefront. Having been excluded from the prime coastal lands by the elite classes and large agroindustries, these farmers have been developing ways of managing an aggressive vining legume called velvetbean (Mucuna spp.) and adapting it to the needs of maize production. The practice that they have developed over the past 20 years both
enhances productivity and conserves the resource base - a rare combination in a hillside environment.
This book provides a comprehensive evaluation of the use of velvetbean as a cover crop on the hillsides on northern Honduras. It sheds light on the opportunities and constraints presented by cover crops in the humid tropics and, perhaps most
importantly, tells a story of successful farmer innovation mucuna, velvet bean, cover crops, green manure, mulch, Honduras, farmer innovation http://www.idrc.ca/books/focus/841/

83. Buckles, D., et al., ed. 1998. Cover Crops in West Africa Contributing to Sustainable Agriculture

Plantes de couverture en Afrique de l'Ouest
Une contribution à l'agriculture durable. IDRC/IITA/SG2000 1998, ISBN 0-88936-852-X,: Ottowa, Canada. 318 pp.

cover crops, green manures, legumes, mucuna, W. Africa, sustainability, mulch

84. Buckley, G.P., ed. 1992. Ecology and management of coppice woodlands. Chapman and Hall: New York. 336 pp.

nothing on tropics or mulching coppice, coppicing, pruning, pollarding, temperate forests

85. Budowski, G. 1983. An attempt to quantify some current agroforesty practices in Costa Rica. In Plant Research and Agroforestry P.A. Huxley, Editor. ICRAF, 617 pp., Nairobi.

current agroforesty practices in Costa Rica, taungya, Erythrina, poro, slash/mulch, laurel (Cordia alliodora), cedro, sustainable, taungya

86. Budowski, G. 1989. Developing the Chocó Region of Colombia . In: Browder, J. O. Fragile Lands of Latin America. Strategies for Sustainable Development. Westview Press. 301 pp., Boulder, CO.

Chocó Region of Colombia, agroforestry, diversity, palms, suggests that food production be concentrated on alluvial river banks, NOTHING on slash/mulch

87. Budowski, G. 1993. The scope and potential of agroforestry in Central America. Agroforestry Systems.
23: 121-131.

poró, Erythrina, Inga, Gliricidia, coffee, Costa Rica, shade, pruning, slash/mulch

88. Bunch, R. 1986. What we have learned to date about green manure crops for small farmers. In . World Neighbors, Oklahoma City, OK.
green manure crops for small farmers, organic matter/organic amendments, mulch/green manure crops/cover crops HDT file

89. Bunch, R. Year. The potential of intercropped green manures in Third World Villager agriculture.Conference on the Socio-Economics of Organic Agriculture. Hamstead Marshall, UK.: International Federation of Organic Agricultural Movements.

Velvet Bean (Mucuna pruriens or Stizlobium spp.), Lablab bean (Dolichos lablab), Jack beans (Canavalia ensiformis) choreque (Lathyrus nigrivalvis), Crotalaria, Bauhinia spp. (dry areas)/can reduce weeding (eliminate nut grass and imperata), tarwi, (Lupinus) can fix 400 kg N/Ha, velvet bean eliminates nut grass and imperata, 2 crops/yr @ 2 T/Ha maize in Honduras, v bean gives 15 t/ha green matter, coffee, cake, choc from v. beans, v. bean costs $.80/ 100 lb. maiz, jack bean in dry areas, animals won't eat jack bean & if leaf-cutter ants takes jack bean to nest it kills them intercropped green manures/cover crops/mucuna/velvet beans/organic amendments/organic matter/mulch, traditional systems/organic amendments, mulch Xerox. HDT file

90. Bunch, R. 1990. Low input soil restoration in Honduras: the Cantarranas farmer-to-farmer extension programme . Gatekeeper Series 23, London. IIED,
Low input soil restoration in Honduras: the Cantarranas farmer-to-farmer extension programme/mucuna/velvet bean, green manures/cover crops, mulch

91. Bunch, R. Year. Sustainable agriculture on Central American hillsides: Opportunities for interinstitutional collaborationSustainable Agriculture on the Hillsides of Central America. Opportunities for Interinstitutional Collaboration. Cali, Colombia.: CIAT, Cali, Colombia.

Green manure crops require little investment and can grow in marginal soils under minimum tillage, intercropped with maize, use Canavalia ensiformis and Stizolobium spp. "The green manure crops develop well in poor soils, produce more tha 35 t/ha, prevent weed growth, reduce tillage practices by 75%, and can fix up to 150 kg N/ha." Mucuna, Nescafe, organic matter, green manures/cover crops, rotations, Honduras, Yucatan, Velvet bean, organic amendments, mulch,

92. Bunch, R. 1993. The use of green manures by villager farmers: what we have learned to date. In .
mucuna, velvet bean, slash/mulch, organic amendments, matter, lablab bean, green manures/cover crops,

93. Bunch, R. 1993. What we have learned to date about green manure crops for small farmers. In . CIDICCO, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
green manure crops for small farmers, can provide 200 kg/ha N, can add 30 t/ha organic matter to soil, fodder for animals, composts take too much labor, organic matter/organic amendments, mulch/green manure crops/cover crops, fodder for animals, erosion, compost, labor, Canavalia ensiformis (Jackbean), velvetbean, mucuna, lablab, Canavalia gladiata (sword bean), weed control HDT file

94. Bunch, R. 1993. El trabajo de EPAGRI en el estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil (The work of EPAGRI in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil) In .
Description of his trip to Santa Catarina to visit the work of EPAGRI with cover crops/green manures. Being widely used for 15 years as live or slashed mulch with a variety of crops. They are working with 60 different cover crops/green manures including velvet bean, canavalia, dolicos, cowpea, white clover, and a lupine. Cover crops/green manures are not incorporated into the soil, but rather slashed and left to cover the the soil. Bunch considers their methodology and the principles for using the crops/green manures. 3000 to 4000 (possibly double that number ) farm families are using the technology. He states in the report that in the Southeast of Paraguay, "un hongo arrasó con dos de las cuatro especies de frijol terciopelo que estaban en uso alli." ( A fungus demolished two of the four species of velvet bean that were in use there). cover crops, Brazil, green manures cover crops, Brazil, green manures, HDT file

95. Bunch, R. 1994. The potential of slash/mulch for relieving poverty and environmental degredation . pp. 5-9 In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How Farmers Use It, and What Researchers Know About It. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.,
slash/mulch, poverty, World Neighbors, mucuna, velvet bean, green manure, lab lab, Canavalia, scarlet runner bean, jack bean, erosion, extension, green manures/cover crops,

96. Bunch, R. 1994. El uso de abonos verdes por agricultores campesinos: Lo que hemos aprendido hasta la fecha/ The use of green manures by villager farmers: what we have learned to date In . CIDICCO.
mucuna, velvet bean, slash/mulch, organic amendments, matter, lablab bean, green manures/cover crops, MBA (from Honduras). 1 copy in Spanish and 1 in English

97. Bunch, R. 1995. Principles of agriculture for the humid tropics. An odyssey of discovery. ILEIA Newsletter.
(October 1995): .

Description of principles to maximize organic matter for farmers and how it can be done Schlather, Rosemeyer, Brazil, EPAGRI, mucuna, green manures/cover crops, compost, zero tillage, "feed plants thru the mulch",

98. Bunch, R. 1995. The Use of Green Manures by Villager Farmers: What We Have Learned to Date . Technical Report No. 3, 1995, CIDICCO, Apdo. Postal 4443, Tegucigalpa MDC, Honduras C.A., e-mail cidicco@gbm.hn,
green manures, cover crops, mulch

99. Buresh, R.J., et al. 1993. Fallow and Sesbania Effects on Soil Nitrogen Dynamics in Lowland Rice-Based Cropping Systems. Agronomy Journal.
85: 316-321.

Nitrogen/Paddy Rice/Urea/Sesbania/Green Manure/Soils/Nitrogen Dynamics/Fallow/Cropping Systems/N-Cycling/Soil Nitrate, mulch

100. Buresh, R.J., et al. 1993. Fallow and Sesbania Effects on Response of Transplanted Lowland Rice to Urea. Agronomy Journal.
85: 801-808.

Nitrogen/Paddy Rice/Urea/Sesbania/Green Manure/Soils, mulch

101. Bushnell, J., C. Francis, and J.K. 1991. 1991. Design of resource efficient, environmentally sound cropping systems. Sustain. Agr.
1(4): 49-65.

Sustainable Agriculture, orgainic matter, selection, breeding, IPM, pests, animals, legumes, green manure, rotation, fallow, intercropping, multiple, policy, economics, low-input, mulch

102. Cahn, M.D., D.R. Bouldin, and M.S. Cravo. 1993. Amelioration of subsoil acidity in an oxisol of the humid tropics. Biol. Fertility Soils.
15(2): 153-159.

Brazil, maize, Zea mays, calcium-ions. cation leaching, nitrogen-fertilizers, oxisols, soil-acidity. soil-fertility, subsoil, Canavalia ensiformis, Mucuna aterrima, sequential-cropping, green manures, cover crops, mulch

103. Cahn, M.D., et al. 1993. Cation and nitrate leaching in an oxisol of the Brazilian Amazon. Agron. J.
85: 334-340.

Brazil, Amazon, maize, Zea mays, calcium-ions. cation leaching, nitrogen-fertilizers, oxisols, soil-acidity. soil-fertility, subsoil, Canavalia ensiformis, Mucuna aterrima, green manures, cover crops, mulch

104. Cairns, M. Year. Indigenous fallow management in Southeast Asia: new research exploring the promise of farmer-generated technologies to stabilize and intensify stressed swidden systemsPaper presented at the international Workshop on Green Manure­Cover Crops Systems for Smallholders in Tropical and Subtropical Regions,. 6­12 Apr, Chapeco, Santa Catarina,
Brazil. Rural Extension and Agricultural Research Institute of Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil. 14 pp.: Rural Extension and Agricultural Research Institute of Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil.

slash and burn, swidden, fire, heat, mulch

105. Calegari, A., et al. 1993. Adubacao Verde no Sul do Brasil. 2a edicao. ed. AS-PTA, Assessoria e Servicos a Projetos em Agricultura Alternativa, Rio de Janeiro.
Bunch states most of the book is on the results obtained on experiment stations green manure, cover crops, Brazil, no-till, velvet bean, mulch

106. Camino, A. and T. Johns. 1988. Laki-laki (Dennstaedtia glauca, Polypodiacaea): A green manure used in traditional Andean agriculture. Econ. Botany.
42: 45-53.

Laki-laki is a fern (grows in moist gullies, etc.) collected by Quechua farmers in Cuyo-Cuyo. Spread on soil, inocorporated into soil and often mixed with sheep manure. Ferns have high nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium levels. Used before planting potatoes organic matter/green manure/Andean/South America/mulch/Peru/Puno/CuyoCuyo

107. Campbell, B., J.M. Clarke, and D.J. Gumbo. 1991. Traditional agroforestry practices in Zimbabwe. Agroforestry Systems.
14: 99-111.

leaf litter, manure, mulch, traditional agroforestry

108. Campbell, B., I. Grundy, and F. Matose, ed. 1993. Tree and woodland resources -- the technical practices of small-scale farmers. pp 29-62. In: Bradley, P. N. and K. McNamara. Living With Trees. Policies for Forestry Management in Zimbabwe. World Bank Tech. Paper No. 210. World Bank, Washington, D. C.: Washington, D. C.
leaf litter, mulches, agroforestry, Zimbabwe, crops, harvesting wood, uses, traditional practices,

109. Cardenas-Alonso, M.R. 1989. Web blight of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) incited by Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk. in Colombia In . Ph.D Thesis, Cornell University.
Mulching/Rhizoctonia solani/Thanatephorus cucumeris/fungi/South America/beans Basidiospores important in web blight in Colombia

110. Carneiro, R.L., et al. 1985. Anthropological Investigations in Amazonia. Selected Papers. Museum of Anthropology, Univ. of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO. 115 pp.

slash/mulch (Isacsson), chococito maize, Choco, Atrato river basin, Amazon, tropical forests, Indians of the Amazon, mulching, OLIN +GN4 C69 No. 47

111. Carr, S.J. 1989. Technology for Small-Scale Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa. Experience with Food Crop Production in Five major Ecological Zones. World Bank Technical Paper No. 109. World Bank, Washington, D.C.
Technology for Small-Scale Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa. Experience with Food Crop Production in Five major Ecological Zones. Cassava, yams, millet, sorghum, rice, maize, peanuts, irrigation, slash and burn, organic matter, ridging and tying (p. 46), raised, mulch (p. 47), green manures (farmers don't want to incorporate them - too much labor p. 83), agroforestry, mulch

112. Carsky, R.J. 1989. Estimating availability of nitrogen from green manure to subsequent maize crops using a buried bad technique. In . Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.
nitrogen from green manure to subsequent maize crops, legumes, organic matter, mulch

113. Carter, W. 1969. New Lands and Old Traditions. Kekchi Cultivators in the Guatemalan Lowlands. Univ. of Florida Press, Gainesville, FL. 153 pp.

Velvet beans used as green manure, chopped up and burned. Leave 3-4 inches of dark, decayed vegetable matter (p. 118). slash and burn/fire/heat/Guatemala/
Central America/Maya/multiple cropping/diversity/Mucuna/organic matter/mulching/velvet bean/cover crops/slash/mulch, green manures/cover crops, mulch

114. Castillo, M. 1985. Some studies on the use of organic soil amendments for nematode control. Philippine Agriculturist.
68: 1-18.

Organic matter/mulching Organic material such as leaves, animal dung, rice straw can control nematodes. Sawdust and chicken manure were most consistently effective

115. Castillo, F.J. 1985. Efecto de la cobertura de tres especies de Mucuna sobre los redimientos de maiz (Zea mays L) suplementado y sin N-P-K In . Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras.
three species of mucuna, maize, N-P-K, cover crops/green manures, velvet bean, mulch MBA (From Honduras)

116. Cavallini, R. 1972. Recomendaciones para aumentar la producion de frijol tapado. Agroindustria (Costa Rica).
1(6): 18.

Minimum tillage/tapado/web blight/Rhizoctonia solani/Thanatephorus cucumeris/fungi/beans/mulching/
slash/mulch

117. Cavallini S., R.M. 1972. El frijol tapado. Agricultor Costarricense.
34(7): 275-276.

Minimum tillage/tapado/beans/Costa Rica/Central America/web blight/Rhizoctonia solani/Thanatephorus cucumeris/fungi/mulching/slash/mulch

118. Caveness, E. 1988. Observations on soil nematode population development under a Mucuna utilis fallow. In .
nematodes, velvet bean, mucuna, green manures/cover crops, mulch

119. Ceron Solarte, B. 1986. Los Awa-Kwaiker. Ediciones Abya-Yala, Quito, Ecuador. 304 pp.

Awa-Kwaiker Indians of the tropical rain forest in the State of Nariño, Colombia on the border of N. W. Ecuador, slash/mulch system, mulching,

120. Chapin, M. 1991. The practical value of ecodevelopment research . pp. 230-247. In: Oldfield, M.L. and J.B. Alcorn, eds. 1991. Biodiversity. Culture, Conservation, and Ecodevelopment. Westview: Boulder, CO. 349 pp., Boulder, CO.

Chontal, chinampas, Mexico, sustainable agriculture, traditional knowledge, Tabasco, hilling, raised, mulching, Maya

121. Chaverri, F., L.C. González, and F. Bertsch. 1993. Efecto de la aplicación de calcio y fosforo en ultisoles e inceptisoles sobre el desarrollo de la telaraña (Thanatephorus cucumeris) en frijol comun (Phaseolus vulgaris). Agron. Costarricense.
17(2): 77-86.

"plants that grew in limed soils were less susceptible to the fungus attack. The phosphorus application had a similar effect." beans, web blight, Rhizoctonia solani, frijol tapado, mulch, soils, lime, phosphorus, Ca, P2O5, Costa Rica, ultisols, inceptisols

122. Chhetri, P. and G. Burpee. 1992. Local tree outyields chemical fertilizers. ILEIA Newsletter.
8(4): 13-14.

Nepalese farmers use the leaves of a tree called asuro (Adhatoda vasic) or Malabar nut tree as a green manure for rice, potatoes, and maize. Leaves are chopped and applied to field where they decompose prior to planting. Also control termites. green manure/ Nepal, mulch

123. CIAT. 1991. Sustainable Agriculture on the Hillsides of Central America. Opportunities for Interinstitutional Collaboration. CIAT, Cali, Colombia. 43 pp.

Sustainable Agriculture on the Hillsides of Central America. Green manure, soil conservation, minimum tillage, mulch

124. CIDICCO. 1989. Use of velvetbean to control weeds. CIDICCO Cover Crop News No. 2.
: 1-4.

mucuna, velvetbean, cover crops, green manure, weeds, mulch

125. CIDICCO. 1990. Kudzu serving as a useful legume. CIDICCO Cover Crop News No. 3.
: 1-4.

mucuna, velvetbean, cover crops, green manure, kudzu, Haiti, weed control, lablab, sunhemp (Crotalaria spp.), perennial soybean, mulch

126. CIDICCO. 1991. Summary of the experience. CIDICCO Cover Crop News Newsletter No. 1.
: 1-4.

Farmers in Cortes, Honduras have been growing velvetbean for 15 years in association with maize. They get 3.2 t/ha of maize whereas yields in region are only 0.6 t/ha mucuna, velvetbean, cover crops, green manure, mulch

127. CIDICCO. 1991. Management practices to work with velvetbean. CIDICCO Cover Crop News No.
: 1-6.

Details on use of mucuna with maize in Honduras mucuna, velvetbean, cover crops, green manure, slash/mulch, weeds, control of Imperata cylindrica

128. CIDICCO. 1991. Lablab bean use. CIDICCO Cover Crop News No. 4.
: .

lablab interplanted with maize, feed for animals, Honduras cover crops, green manure, maize, Dolichos lablab, mulch

129. CIDICCO. 1991. The use of velvetbean to control weeds/
el uso del frijol terciopelo para controlar malezas In Cover Crops News. 4.

mucuna, velvetbean, cover crops, green manure, weeds, mulch MBA (from Honduras). One copy in English and one in Spanish

130. CIDICCO. 1992. The utilization of legumes in traditional high altitude farming systems. CIDICCO Cover Crop News No. 6.
6(May 1992): 1-8.

legumes, cover crops, green manures, scarlet runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus), sweet clover, Vicia villosa (ebo), Vicia faba, broad bean, choreque (Lathyrus nigrivalis), mulch

131. CIDICCO. 1992. The use of velvetbean (Mucuna spp.) as cover crop in citrus plantations In . CIDICCO, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
controls erosion, maintains humidity, and controls weeds legumes, cover crops, green manures, mucuna, citrus, FHIA, Honduras, weeds, mulch

132. CIDICCO. 1992. La utilización de leguminosas en sistemas agrícolas tradicionales de regiones de altura In Cover Crop News. 8.

legumes, cover crops, green manures, scarlet runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus), sweet clover, Vicia villosa (ebo), Vicia faba, broad bean, choreque (Lathyrus nigrivalis), mulch MBA (from Honduras). One copy in English and one in Spanish

133. CIDICCO. 1993. The utilization of velvetbean as a source of food. CIDICCO Technical Report No. 8.
: 1-4.

levadopa is found in velvetbean and if too much is consumed it can cause sickness, nausea, vomiting, etc., skins should be removed and beans roasted or cooked legumes, cover crops, green manures, mucuna, L-dopa, levadopa, mulch

134. CIDICCO. 1993. Siembra de leguminosas. CIDICCO Technical Report No. 6.
: 1-4.

legumes, cover crops, green manures, mucuna, planting cover crops, maize, lablab, Canavalia ensiformis, mulch

135. CIDICCO. 1994. The use of legume cover crops in orchards (based on the San Alejo plantation's experience with oil palm) / La utilización de leguminosas de cobertura en plantaciones perennes. (Basado en las experiencias de la plantación de palma africana en San Alejo). Cover Crop News.
(7): 6.

cover crops, green manures, oil palm, mulch MBA (from Honduras). One copy in English and one in Spanish.

136. CIDICCO. 1995. The use of Gliricidia sepium as cover/shade-tree in coffee plantations (based on experiences of coffee growers in Copán, Honduras). Cover Crop News.
8: 1-8.

beans are planted in a mulch of Gliricidia by farmers in state of Lempira, Honduras Gliricidia sepium, mata raton, madriado, coffee, shade, slash/mulch, jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis), wild peanut (Arachis pintoi), bananas and pigeon peas for shade, Inga, fences and fence posts,

137. CIMMYT. 1994. Memoria sobre las políticas para una agricultura sustenable en la Sierra de los Tuxtulas y Santa Marta, Veracruz. CIMMYT, SARH et al., Mexico. 168 pp.

maize, rotations, cover crops, green manures, legumes, mucuna, velvet bean, extension, slash and burn, Chiapas, Mexico, conservation, terraces, live barriers, erosion, mulch

138. Clarke, W.D. 1966. From extensive to intensive shifting cultivation. Ethnology.
5: 347-359.

slash and burn, slash/mulch, fire, New Guinea, mulch, people of the Nduimba basin and the Kompai people also use both slash and burn and slash/mulch, minimum tillage,

139. Cochrane, T.T. and P.A. Sanchez. 1982. Land resources, soils and their management in the Amazon region: a state of knowledge report . In: Hecht, S. B. (ed.) Amazonia: Agriculture and Land Use Research. CIAT Series 03E (82) CIAT, Cali, Colombia. 428 pp,
Land resources, soils and their management in the Amazon region, climate subregions, soil geography, flood plains, slash and burn, ash, nutrient contribution of ash, intensive continuous crop production - Yurimaguas, low input continuous crop production - Yurimaguas, one strateguy investigated was "the use of kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides) as mulch or green manure. Kudzu mulch or green manure produced yields of soybeans, peanuts, cowpeas and upland rice on the order of 80 to 90 percent of that acheived in heavily fertilized plots without organic additions for five continuous crops."

140. Coe, H.S. 1918. Origin of the Georgia and Alabama varieties of velvet bean. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy.
12: 175­179.

mucuna, cover crop, green manure, mulch

141. Coe, M.D. 1964. The chinampas of Mexico. Sci. Am.
211(1): 90-98.

First chinampas date back 2000 years. Similar to fens of eastern England and the polders of Holland. Chinampas 300 feet long and 15-30 feet wide. Water vegetation dragged to chinampas. Use seed nursery for all crops except maize. Cut mud into blocks called chapines and plant seed. Each seedling transplanted in its own chapin. Diversity of crops (p. 95). Whoever built Teotihuacán created the chinampas. Supported population of 100,000 to 700,000 in Aztec capital. hilling, raised, mulching

142. Coe, M.D. and R.A. Diehl. 1980. In the Land of the Olmec. The People and the River. 2: Univ. of Texas Press, Austin, TX. 198.

Olmec, Mexico, Papaloapan, Aztec, Chontal, tropical ecosystems, Nahuat, Nahuatl, slash and burn, slash and mulch, tapachol crop, maize, floodplain, flooding, tropical crops F1219.1 V47 C67 v.2

143. Coffey, M.D. 1984. An integrated approach to the control of avocado root rot. California Avocado Society Yearbook.
68: .

Root rot/fungi/hilling/raised beds/
mulching/North America Mounds control Phytophthora cinnamoni on avocado.

144. Columela, L.J.M. 1988. De Los Trabajos de Campo. Min. Agric., Pesca y Alimentación, ed. R.A. Holgado. Siglo XXI de España Editores, Madrid. 339 pp.

Pesticides/esca/storage/fire/heat/organic matter/manure/rotation/legumes/green manure/Spain/Romans/Europe/cover crops/book written about 60 A.D., mulch

145. Conklin, H.C. 1961. The study of shifting cultivation. Curr. Anthropol.
2: 27-61.

"Unwanted vegetation is usually burned off after it has been cut, but in the continually-drenched jungle of the Colombian Chocó, the slash-mulch cultivation of a special variety of maize excludes the use of fire." 1200 references on shifting agriculture, swidden, slash and burn. Burning/slash and burn/fire/heat/mulching/
South America/minimum tillage/
slash/mulch/fallow/rotations/
nematodes

146. Conway, G. 1997. The Doubly Green Revolution. Penguin, London, UK. 335 pp.

green revoulution, hunger, poverty, food production, pollution, envirionmental degredation, biotechnology, sustainable agriculture, IPM, nutrient management, natural resources, cover crops and green manures, food security, CGIAR, mulch

147. Cook, R.J., M.G. Boosalis, and B. Doupnik. 1978. Influence of crop residues on plant diseases. In: Am. Soc. Agron. Madison, WI. Crop Residue Management Systems. Spec. Publ. 31, . pp 147-163.

Tillage/no-tillage/minimum tillage/mulching/organic matter/organic amendments/biological control/soil/conservation tillage/sanitation

148. Cook, R.J. and K.F. Baker. 1983. The Nature and Practice of Biological Control of Plant Pathogens. Am. Phytopathol. Soc., St. Paul, MN. 539 pp.

Multiple cropping/rotations/fallow/slash and burn/fire/organic matter/organic amendments/crop residues/soil/mulching/Asia/Chinese See Chapter 2. Heat treatment by Romans. 'There is no better example than the People's Republic of China, where intercropping, mixed cropping, crop rotation, organic fertilization, intensive tillage, and flooding, among other practices that promote biological control.' (p. 438)

149. COPROALDE and CEDECO. 1991. Memoria del I Encuentro Nacional Campesino de Frijol Tapado. COPROALDE. CEDECO. Colegio Agropecuario San Ignacio de Acosta. 12-14 de Julio de 1991, San Ignacio de Acosta, Costa Rica,
Memoria of the 1st National meeing of campesinos (peasant farmers) on frijol tapado, covered beans, Minimum tillage, beans, Costa Rica, Central America, mulching, slash/mulch,

150. Cordoba y Salinas, D.d. 1957. Cronica Franciscana de las Provincias de Peru. Acad. of American Franciscan History,, Washington, DC.
p. 248. the Franciscan priest Cordoba y Salinas wrote (probably about the coast of the Choco according to Patiño) "hazen sus rozas, para coger el maiz que siembran in sus distritos como quieren, de que hacen su pan". Probably refers to slash/mulch system mulching, slash/mulch, Colombia, Choco OLIN + BX3614 P5 C79 1957

151. Costa, F.J.S.A., D.R. Bouldin, and A.R. Suhe. 1990. Evaluation of N recovery from mucuna placed on the surface or incorporated in a Brazilian oxisol. Plant and Soil.
124: 91-96.

N recovery from mucuna placed on the surface or incorporated in a Brazilian oxisol, Mucuna aterrima, organic amendments, mulch, organic matter, green manures

152. Council, N.R. 1979. Tropical Legumes: Resources for the Future. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C. 331 pp.

Tropical Legumes, organic amendments, organic matter, mulch, traditional systems, Velvet Bean (Mucuna pruriens or Stizlobium spp.), root crops, pulses, fruits, forages, agroforestry, lumber, green manures, cover crops, mulch

153. Council, N.R. 1993. Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 702 pp.

mentions slash/mulch (p. 77-78) sustainable agriculture, environment, tropics, slash and burn, tropical forests, agropastoral systems, cattle, agroforestry, plantation, Brazil, Ivory Coast, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Philippines, Zaire,

154. Crispin, A. and C.C. Gallegos. 1963. Web blight - a severe disease of beans and soybeans in Mexico. Plant Dis. Rep.
47: 1010-1011.

Minimum tillage,tapado/beans/soybeans
/Mexico/Central America/web blight/fungi/mulching/slash/mulch/
Rhizoctonia solani/Thanatephorus cucumeris

155. Crowe, T.J. 1964. Coffee leaf miner in Kenya. II - Causes of outbreaks. Kenya Coffee.
29 (June)(342): 223-231.

Leaf miners (Leucoptera meyricki and L. caffenia) were minor pests in Kenya until 1954, although a few serious outbreaks did occur earlier. Since 1954 leaf miners have become major pests in areas east of the Rift valley. The change was due to two causes. First, the general use of mulching which initially increased coffee yields. Crowe wrote "Mature caterpillers landing on mulched soil are less likely to be dessicated or captured by predaceous ants than those landing on bare soil." The second reason for the change was the increased use of copper fungicides. The reasons for this are not known, but Wellman (1961) made the same observation. Crowe added that it was interesting to note that the use of mulch increased leaf miners, but led to a decline in coffee thrips, probably due to the cooling effect of the mulch on soil. coffee leaf miner, insect, slash/mulch, copper fungicides HD 9199 K37

156. D'Arcy, W.G. 1980. Mucuna. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden.
67: 728-735.

Mucuna, Nescafe, Stizolobium pruriens, organic matter, green manure, rotations, Panama, Velvet bean, organic amendments, mulch, green manures, cover crops, mulch

157. D'Arcy, W.G. 1980. Stizolobium. (Flora of Panama). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden.
671: 768-777.

Mucuna, Nescafe, Stizolobium pruriens, organic matter, green manures, cover crops, rotations, Panama, Velvet bean, organic amendments, mulch, Panama

158. Davies, J.W. 1975. Mulching Effects on Plant Climates and Yield. Tech. Note 136. WMO 388. World Meterological Orgainization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Mulching/climate

159. Davis, W. 1996. One River : Explorations and Discoveries in the Amazon Rain Forest. Touchstone, New York. 544 pp.

p. 293-284. "The family that owned it would have begun to farm another
site -- the men working in the shade of the trees, clearing the underbrush,
planting cuttings, felling the largest trees, leaving the leaf litter on
the ground to protect the soil from the rain and sun. It was slash and
rot, as opposed to slash and burn. Rarely did the Waorani torch a field."

botany, ethnobotany, S. American tropical rain forests, hallucinogenic plants and
mushrooms, American Indians, Richard Shultes, Timothy Plowman, coca, peyote,
Colombia, Amazon, Choco, Auca, Waorani, slash and mulch, slash and rot (p. 283), traditional knowledge, shamans, Colombia, Brazil, tropical plants, South American leaf blight, rubber, slash and mulch, slash and rot,

160. De Balboa, M. 1945. Obras. Vol. 1. 1: Editorial Ecuatoriana, Quito. 451 pp.

Wrote in 1577 about trip to the province of Esmeraldas on the Pacific Coast of Ecuador (then Peru) "no hacen mas que arrojar el maiz en la montaña y cortar el monte encima y acude la cosecha: ciento por uno" = "they do no more than broadcast maize seed in the hillsides and cut the vegetation over it and collect the harvest: one hundred to one." (p. 16), description of the slash/mulch system. Olin F2231 C12 1945 V. 1

161. de Carvalho, E.F. and L.G. Tores. 1994. Manejo de malas hierbas en sistemas agroforestales de Amazona. Agroforesteria en la Americas.
Ano 1(3): 6-9.

agroforestry, weed management, weeds and legumes for mulch, Canavalia, mucuna, velvet bean, Amazonian agroforestry systems, green manures/cover crops used as live cover for weed management

162. de Freitas, V.H. 1995. Green manures, a new chance for small farmers. ILEIA Newsletter.
October 1995: .

It describes the extensive use of green manures/cover crops in Santa Catarina State in Brazil. Santa Catarina is a state of primarily small farmers and lies between south latitudes of 25 and 29 degrees. green manures/cover crops, velvet bean, Brazil, minimum tillage, no-till, crotalaria, mucuna, jack bean (Canavalia), pigeon pea, mulch

163. De Jesus Huz, M. 1994. El uso de la Canavalia ensiformis y otras leguminosas como coberturas muertas en la agricultural Yucateca (The use of Canavalia ensiformis and other leguminous species as mulches for farming in the Yucatan.) . pp. 207-208. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.
Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How farmers use it, and what researchers know about it. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.

area only has 600-700 mm rain/year, after the maize harvest in Dec. or Jan. the Canavalia is left to cover the soil during the dry period. In April or May, the Canavalia is slashed and left of the surface of the soil. In June the maize is planted with a digging stick or in rows. Using this system, maize yields which were 600 kg/ha have recently risen to 2600 kg/ha. in a field with the maize/sword bean system. There is a problem with a worm attacking 50% the sword beans, but this is not a problem as all of the seed is rarely needed. The use of Canavalia ensiformis and other legumes as as slash/mulch cover crops in Yucatan agriculture, sword bean, mucuna, velvet bean, mulching, minimum tillage, Mexico, green manures

164. De la Cruz, R. 1994. The usefulness of weed diversity in slash/mulch bean production: difficulties in herbicide use. . pp. 233-234. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.
Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How farmers use it, and what researchers know about it. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.

The utility of the diversity of weeds in frijol tapado. Difficulties with the use of herbicides, minimum tillage, slash/mulch, Costa Rica, mulching, good weeds, bad weeds,

165. De la Cruz, R., E. Rojas, and A. Merayo. 1994. Manejo de la caminadora (Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) W. D. Clayton) en el cultivo de maiz y el periodo de barbecho con leguminosas de cobertura. Manejo Integrado de Plagas (Costa Rica).
31: 29-35.

mucuna showed best adaptation in association with maize, highest mulch persistence, highest itchgrass suppression, legume cover crops, velvet bean, mucuna, maiz, itchgrass, Dolichos lablab, Canavalia ensiformis, Pueraria phaseoloides, Vigna unguiculata, weed control and suppression, , green manures, cover crops, mulch

166. De Sorney, P. 1916. Green Manures and Manuring in the Tropics. John Bale, Sons and Danielsson, London. 466 pp.

manuring in the tropics, organic matter, organic amendments, raised beds (pics), mounds, flood plain agriculture, women's role in agriculture, fertilizer, descriptions of different green manures, green manures, cover crops, legumes, nitrogen, nodules, peanut, bambarra ground nut, jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis), pigeon pea, chick pea, crotalaria, Desmodium, Dolichos, lablab, mucuna, velvet bean, cowpea, green manures, cover crops, mulch

167. Del Amo R., S. 1988. Cuatro Estudios Sobre Sistemas Tradicionales. Instituto Nacional Indigenista, Mexico, D.F., Mexico. 91 pp.

chinampas/maize/traditional systems/
Mexico/Central America/
camellones/hilling/raised/organic matter/green manure/multiple/
amaranth/Amaranthus/velvet bean, green manures, cover crops, mulch Legume used as green manure and weed control by Indians in Uxpanapa region of Mexico, sometimes known as Mucuna pruriens. nescafe = Stizolobium pruriens var. utilis = picapica mansa

168. Del Busto, J.A. 1978. Peru Incaico. Liberia Studium, Lima. 385 pp.

p. 147-150 - terraces prevent erosion, irrigation works of Incas, Peru, p. 150 - Indians got fertilizer from cameloids (corraled), guano, anchovies (planted with grain of maize), green manure/ashes/terraces/organic matter/manure, mulch

169. Denoon, D. and C. Snowdon, ed. 1980. A Time to Plant and a Time to Uproot. Institute of Papua New Guinea Studies: Papua New Guinea. 348 pp.

Imperata grass, slash and burn, coffee, women, agricultural systems, slash/mulch (p. 23-24), sweet potatoes, raised beds, taro, bananas

170. DeWalt, B.R. and K. DeWalt. 1984. Sistemas de cultivo en Pespire, sur de Honduras: un enfoque de agroecosistmas. Instituto Hondureño de Antropologia e Historia y Programa Internacional de Sorgo y Mijo (INTSORMIL), Univ. of Kentucky., 88 pp.

Describes three systems of slash/mulch used in southern Honduras, fallow periods of 5-6 years used on the steep slopes around Pespire, slash and burn,most farmers use a slash/mulch system, three types of slash/mulch systems, first only with maize, second used to plant a monocrop of sorghum, third is sorghum for animal fodder, mulching, maisillo S 602.5 C94a

171. DeWalt, B.R. 1991. Microcosmic and macrocosmic processes of agrarian change in Southern Honduras: the cattle are eating the forest. . In: DeWalt, B. and P. J. Pelto (eds.) Micro and Macro Levels of Analysis in Anthropology: Issues in Theory and Research. Westview Press, Boulder, CO. 214 pp.,
processes of agrarian change in Southern Honduras: cattle are eating the forest. fallow periods of 5-6 years used on the steep slopes around Pespire, slash and burn,most farmers use a slash/mulch system, three types of slash/mulch systems, first only with maize, second used to plant a monocrop of sorghum, third is sorghum for animal fodder, mulching, OLIN GN345. M62

172. Diver, S. and P. Sullivan. 1992. Cover Crops and Green Manures. ATTRA (APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER FOR RURAL AREAS), Fayetteville, AR.
cover crops, green manures, mulch

173. Doll, J.D. and C.A. Francis. 1992. Participatory research and extension strategies for sustainable agricultural systems. Weed Technol.
6: 473-482.

Sustainable Agriculture, weeds, orgainic matter, selection, breeding, IPM, pests, animals, legumes, green manure, rotation, fallow, intercropping, multiple, policy, economics, mulch

174. Dominguez-V., J.A., N. Marban-Mendoza, and R.D.l. Cruz. 1990. Leguminosas de cobertura asociadoas con tomate var. "Dina guayabo" y su efecto sobre Meloidogyne arabicida López y Salazar. Turrialba.
40: 217-221.

Six cover crops tested for effect on root knot galls on tomato (causes coffee corky disease). All cover crops caused some reduction in galling, green manure, organic matter tomatoes, Costa Rica, green manure and cover crops, nematodes, Pueria phaseoloides, Arachis pintoi, Centrosema pubescens, Desmodium ovalifoium, Centrosema macrocarpum, reduction of nematode populations, Coffee Corky disease, mulch

175. Dotson, B. 1992. On the relevance of traditional agricultural practices to development of sustainable agroforestry technology In . Cornell University.
Farmers in Fundong Division, in the NW Province of Cameroon, cultivate beans. One or two months before the end of the rainy season in this area, young men begin to clear patches of forest with machetes, slashing down the undergrowth, but leaving the larger overstory trees standing. Common beans are planted directly in the ground beneath, through the mulch of downed undergrowth. By the end of October when the rains are ending, these forest farms have an almost continuous bright-green carpet of young bean plants sprouting through the moist protective layer of mulch. The tree's shade and the thick mulch combine to protect the soil from the dry season sun and allow excellent growth and procution of dry beans for sale by the bucket in local markets. Unfortunately, as currently practiced, this mode of agricultural production is not sustainable as it presents a serious threat to the small remaining natural montane rainforest of the region. slash/mulch/Cameroon/beans/mulch/
agroforestry

176. Dotson-Brooner, B. 1995. Modifying a Traditional Farming System in the Highlands of Western Cameroon for Enhancement of Productivity and Sustainability In . Cornell Univ.
Cameroon, traditional farming systems, slash and burn, slash/mulch, beans, frijol tapado, conservation, agroforestry, soils, ALES Land Evaluation, Kom people, tropical forests, erosion, HDT File.

177. Dove, M.R. 1980. The swamp rice swiddens of the Kantu' of West Kalimantan, Indonesia . pp. 953-956. In: Furtado, J. I. (ed.) Tropical Ecology and Development. Vol 2. International Soc. of Tropical Ecology, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

A Dyak group called the Kantu of West Kalimantan, Indonesia subsist primarily on rice grown in slash and burn systems. Generally, slash is burned, but in one case described by Dove (1980) they use a slash and mulch practice.
The high yields of the swamp swiddens are most impressive, but the return per work-day in the swamp swiddens is only slightly higher than the yields in the dry swiddens. Dove writes that the swamp rice technology allows the Kantu to exploit land that otherwise would not be utilized. Also, the swamp swiddens are never damaged by flooding as dry swiddens are. Fallow periods in dry swiddens averages 5 to 20 years whereas the swamp swiddens can be used two or three years after cropping. swamp rice, Kantu', Indonesia, slash and burn, slash/mulch, Dyaks, have 5 varieties of swamp rice,

178. Dove, M.R. 1985. Swidden Agriculture in Indonesia: the Subsistence Strategies of the Kalimantan Kantu'. Mouton Publishers, New York. 515 pp.

Kantu planted 44 rice varieties in one area and had an average of 17 varieties per household. A Dyak group called the Kantu of West Kalimantan, Indonesia subsist primarily on rice grown in slash and burn systems. Generally, slash is burned, but in one case described by Dove (1980) they use a slash and mulch practice. shifting agriculture, slash and burn, Indonesia, slash/mulch, swamp rice, Kantu', Indonesia, Dyaks

179. Duke, J.A. 1981. Handbook of Legumes of World Economic Importance. Plenum, New York.
Velvetbeans are largely self-pollinating; natural crossing is rare. Perhaps because of the L-Dopa content, velvetbean is subject to few insect problems. In Florida, larvae of the velvet bean caterpillar Anticarsia gemmatalis eat the leaves. L-Dopa in the seeds is a chemical barrier to attack by insects and small mammals (Rehr et al., 1973).

Velvetbean is immune to most diseases, including fusarium wilt, but in southern Rhodesia is very susceptible to a vine-rot disease that can wipe out the crop. Fungi known to attack velvet bean include: Cercospora stizolobii, Mycosphaerella cruenta, Phyllosticta mucunae, Phymatotrichum omnivorum, Phytophthora dreschsleri, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii (southern blight), Uromyces mucunae.

Among the bacteria are bacterial leaf-spot, Xanthomonas stizolobiicola, Pseudomonas stizolobii, and Pseudomonas syringae.

Striga gesnerioides parasitizes the plant. Yellowing is due to zinc deficiency. A mosaic virus attacks it. Velvetbean is resistant but not immune to rootknot nematodes, and is attacked by Meloidogyne thamesi, M. hapla., M. incognita acrita, and M. javanica. Other nematodes isolated from this crop include Belonolaimus gracilis, Pratylenchus brachyurus, and Rotylenchulus reniformis. green manures, cover crops, Mucuna, Nescafe, Stizolobium, velvet bean, organic amendments, mulch, organic matter, diseases, nematodes

180. Duplan, V. and J.A. Aguirre. 19?? Analisis de la produccion de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) bajo cuatro sistemas de produccion en Alejuela, Costa Rica. CATIE. Public. Misc. No. 90., Turrialba, Costa Rica.
Minimum tillage/tapado/mulching/beans
/Costa Rica/Central America
/web blight/fungi/slash/mulch,Rhizoctonia solani, Thanatephorus cucumeris/frijol tapado

181. Dupriez, H. and P. de Leener. 1987. African Gardens and Orchards. , 354 pp.

Cultural controls/biological control/multiple cropping/mulching/pesticides/Africa Textbook for secondary and technical schools

182. Duron, E. Year. Avances sobre investigación de abonos verdes en el litoral Atlantico de HondurasIn: First National Conference on the Use of Leumes in Present Day Agriculture. Presentado en la Reunion Anual de PCCMCA, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Tegucigalpa, Honduras: PCCMCA.

Velvet beans, Mucuna deeringianum, green manures, organic matter, mulching, organic amendments, control of weeds in maize in Honduras, green manures, cover crops, mulch

183. Echandi, E. 1965. Basidiospore infection by Pellicularia filamentosa (= Corticum microsclerotia), the incitant of web blight of the common bean. Phytopathology.
55: 698-699.

Web blight/fungi/beans/minimum tillage/tapado/mulching/slash/mulch, Rhizoctonia solani, Thanatephorus cucumeris

184. Eder, H.M. 1963. El Río y el Monte. A Geographical Reconnaissance of the Río Siguirisúa Valley, Chocó District, Colombia. Department of Geography, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA.
Río Siguirisúa Valley, Chocó District, Colombia, slash/mulch, organic matter, maize, mulching, maiz chococito

185. Ehui, S.K., B.T. Kang, and D.S.C. Spencer. 1991. Economic analysis of soil erosion effects in alley cropping, no-till, and bush fallow systems in southwestern Nigeria. IITA Research.
3: 1-6.

alley cropping, slash/mulch, no-till, Africa, Nigeria, soil erosion, slash and burn, bush fallow,

186. Ekkehard, B. 1992. Actividades agroforestales y silviculturales en la region Amazonica Ecuatoriana : experiencias y resultados 1985-1990 en la region de Lumbaqui, provincia de Sucumbíos. Red Agroforestal Ecuatoriana, Quito. 138 pp.

agroforestry, slash/mulch, animals, Amazon, Ecuador, silviculture, agroforestry, "tala y decomposition"= slash/mulch practiced by Indians of the Selva Alta del Napo

187. Ene, L.S.O. 1977. Control of cassava bacterial blight (CBB). Tropical Root and Tuber Crops Newsletter.
10: 30-31.

Multiple Cropping/cassava bacterial blight/Xanthomonas manihotis/bacteria, mulching,

188. Errazuriz, J. 1980. Tumaco-La Tolita. An Unknown Precolombian Culture. Carlos Valenica Editores, Bogotá, Colombia. 316 pp.

An Unknown Precolombian Culture. Author suggests South American cultures were affected by migrations from Asia. The Tumaco-La Tolita culture developed on the Pacific coast of Colombia and Ecuador. Left many stone carvings and artifacts. Some strongly resemble Chinese. As usual - nothing on agriculture or Slash/Mulch systems. Tumaco-La Tolita.

189. Escobar Muñera, M.L., C. Ramirez, and D. Kass. 1994. Nitrogen in alley cropping using Erythrina poeppigigiana and Gliricidia sepium with common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) . pp. 133-147. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How Farmers Use It, and What Researchers Know About It. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.,
Nitrogen in a alley cropping system with poró (Erythrina poeppigigiana) y madero negro (Gliricidia sepium) with common beans, mata raton, mulching, slash/mulch, alley cropping

190. Evans, D.O., R.S. Yost, and G.W. Lundeen. 1983. A Selected and Annotated Bibliography of Tropical Green Manures and Legume Covers. Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, Univ. of Hawaii, 211 pp.

A Selected and Annotated Bibliography of Tropical Green Manures and Legume Covers, organic amendments, mulch, organic matter

191. Fallers, M.C. 1960. The Eastern Lacustrine Bantu (Ganda and Soga). In: Ethnographic Survey of Africa: East Central Africa, Pt. 11. Int. African Institute. 86 pp.,
Weed/Uganda/East Africa/sanitation/mulching/pruning/
bananas/ In Buganda, farmers keep bananas going for up to 50 years without rotation by careful mulching and pruning. Hundreds of banana varieties, 60% for cooking, 30 % for beer, 7% for roasting.

192. FAO. 1978. Food legumes: distribution, adaptability. FAO, Rome. 131 pp.

legumes, green manures, cover crops, mulch

193. Fernandes, E.C.M., C.B. Davey, and L.A. Nelson. 1993. Alley cropping on an Ultisol in the Peruvian Amazon: Mulch, fertilizer and tree root pruning effects . pp. 77-96. In: Lal, R. and Ragland, J. (eds.) Sustainable Agriculture for the Tropics. American Society of Agronomy monograph.
Madison, WI.,
d

194. Fernandes, E.C.M., C.B. Davey, and L.A. Nelson. 1993. Alley cropping on an acid soil in the upper Amazon: Mulch, fertilizer and hedgerow root pruning effects . pp. 77-96. In: ASA Special Publication 56. Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture in the Tropics. Am. Soc. Agronomy, Madison, WI.,
alley cropping, soils, mulch, Peru, Amazon, agroforestry, green manure, rice, cowpeas, weeds, Inga,

195. Fernandes, E.C.M., et al. 1997. Management of soil organic matter dynamics in tropical land-use systems. Geoderma.
39?: 131-149.

organic matter, green manure, cover crops, tropics, tropical forests, pastures, fertilizer, tillage, soil fauna, mulch

196. Finegan, E.J. 1981. The Use of Agri-silviculture as a Resource Conservation and Rural Community Development Method in the Tropical Wet Forest of Colombia In . Cornell University.
Tumaco, grow maize, cassava, cane, beans, fruit, wood, taro, sweet potatoes, yams, tannier, and pineapple in slash/mulch (p. 93). Know plants that are 'site indicators' for soil fertility, drainage, and degree of shade present. Plants also indicate when land is ready for planting. Mulching/agri-silviculture/agroforestry/
multiple cropping/mixed gardens/tropical wet forest of Colombia/South America/minimum tillage/slash/mulch/site selection/site indicators

197. Fisher, R.B. 1910. On the Borders of Pigmy Land. Marshall Brothers, london. 215 pp.

"In a strip of forest lying between the Semliki River and the Congo forest, and within four hours of Mboga, lives a savage tribe known as the Bahuku."

page 168 = "They have no means of digging up the soil , but their method of cultivation is to cut down the grass and shrubs, to fell the trees, and sow their crops of Indian corn, beans, and sweet potatoes among the stubble and roots." slash/mulch, Africa, Congo, Bahuku tribe,

198. Fitt, B.D.L. and H.A. McCartney. 1986. Spore dispersal in splash droplets . In: Ayres, P. G. and L. Boddy. Water, Fungi and Plants. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK,
Spore dispersal in splash droplets, mulch, epidemiology, water,

199. Flores, M. 1989. Velvetbeans: an alternative to improve small farmer's agriculture information. ILEIA Newsletter.
5(2): 8-9.

Velvet beans, Mucuna, green manures, cover crops, organic matter, mulching, organic amendments, slash/mulch, mucuna, lab lab, jackbean, organic matter S494.5 S86 I27

200. Flores, M. 1991. Utilización del frijol terciopelo (Mucuna puriens) por los agricultores del las aldeas del departmento de Cortes, Honduras, para la produción del maiz . In: Bolaños Arquín, M. and I. Bolaños Arquín. (eds.) Memoria. I Simposio sobre Tecnologia Apropiada y Agricultura Biologica para un Desarolla Rural Alternativo. COPROALDE. Univ. de Costa Rica, San José. 208 pp,
frijol terciopelo, Mucuna puriens, Velvet beans, green manures, cover crops, organic matter, mulching, organic amendments, slash/mulch

201. Flores, M. 1992. Practical use of cover crops. ILEIA.
8(4): 15.

velvet bean, Mucuna, Scarlet runner bean, control of weed Imperata cylindrica, green manures, cover crops, mulch

202. Flores, M. Year. Estudio de caso: La utilización del frijol de abono (Mucuna sp.) como alternativa viable para el sostenimiento productivo de los sistemas agricolas del litoral Atlantico. Paper presented to the Center for Development Studies at the Free University of Amsterdam:

"Economic comparison of a no-till, mucuna based system with a neigboring mechanized modern system showed that the mucuna system was less productive, but the costs per ton of maize produced were 30% less under the mucuna system." mucuna, velvet bean, green manures, cover crops, mulch

203. Flores, M. 1993. Tienen Razon los agricultores de usar el frijol abono? . pp. 33-40. In: Buckles, D. Gorras y Sombreros: Caminos Hacia la Colaboración entre Technicos y Campesinos. CIMMYT, Mexico.,
Velvet beans, Mucuna, green manures, cover crops, organic matter, mulching, organic matter, amendments, slash/mulch, Honduras hdt file

204. Flores, M. 1993. The use of velvetbean by village farmers of the Northern Coast of Honduras to produce corn In . CIDICCO.
Practice used for more than 20 years, most traditional farmers in Honduras get yields of 1500-1700 pounds/ha while in the North Coast using mucuna they get yields of 4000-5000 pounds/ha., less weeds, problems, less labor, mucuna dries out naturally or is chopped off (slashed) 2 weeks before planting the next crop, no major pests of either maize or mucuna have been noted, velvetbean, Honduras, maize, mucuna, cover crops, green manure, slash/mulch, organic matter,

205. Flores, M. 1993. The use of lablab bean (Dolichos lablab) by traditional farmers in Honduras In . CIDICCO.
Lablab bean originated in S. E. Asia, drought resistant, palatable to livestock, fixes N, immature and dry seeds edible, produces large amounts of fodder, Diabrotica spp. insects a problem in early stages of development, lablab bean, Honduras, maize, cover crops, green manure, organic matter, maize/intercropping, weed control, animal feed, mulch

206. Flores, M. 1993. A brief report on the impact of legume cover crops in small farmers agriculture in Honduras In . CIDICCO, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
history of use of cover crops & green manures in Honduras, maize yields have gone from 2077 kg/ha to 3700 kg/ha, and increase of 56%, velvetbean, Honduras, maize, mucuna, slash/mulch, organic matter, World Neighbors, NGO's, weed control, labor, cover crops/green manures,

207. Flores, M. 1993. Considerations on the use of grain-legumes as cover crops In . CIDICCO.
velvetbean, Honduras, maize, mucuna, cover crops, green manure, slash/mulch, organic matter, cowpeas, soybeans, peanuts, mulch

208. Flores, M. 1993. Informe de los primeros resultados obtenidoas con la utilización del frijol terciopelo en la finca Monte Libano, Choluteca, Honduras In . CIDICCO.
scarlet runner bean, cover crop, green manure, mulch

209. Flores, M. 1994. The use of leguminous cover crops in traditional farming systems in Central America. . pp. 149-155. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How Farmers Use It, and What Researchers Know About It. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.,
The utilization of leguminous cover crops in traditional systems of agriculture in Central America, mucuna, velvet bean, slash/mulch, maize, lab lab, cover crops/green manures, mulching, mulch

210. Forsythe, W., R. Alberty, and J.N. Rocha. Year. Production and erosion in a cultivation of corn and beans with varying live cover on steep slopes in Costa RicaWorkshop on Slash/Mulch Practices. Sustainable Production Systems. Turrialba, Costa Rica. October 12-16, 1992:

slash/mulch, frijol tapado, no-till, erosion, beans, maize,

211. Francis, C.A., C.B. Flora, and L.D. King. 1990. Sustainable Agriculture in Temperate Zones. Wiley, New York. 487 pp.

Sustainable Agriculture in Temperate Zones, organic matter, manure, selection, breeding, IPM, pests, animals, legumes, green manure, rotation, fallow, intercropping, multiple, policy, economics, low-input, mulch

212. Francis, C.A. 1990. Practical Applications of Low-lnput Agriculture in the Midwest. J. Soil Water Conservation.
45(1): 65-67.

organic matter, manure, selection, breeding, IPM, pests, animals, legumes, green manure, rotation, fallow, intercropping, multiple, policy, economics, low-input, mulch

213. Francis, C.A. 1990. Sustainable Agriculture: Myths and Realities. Sustain. Agr.
1: 97- 106.

Sustainable Agriculture in Temperate Zones, orgainic matter, manure, selection, breeding, IPM, pests, animals, legumes, green manure, rotation, fallow, intercropping, multiple, policy, economics, mulch

214. Francis, C.A. and M.A. Altieri. 1992. Agroecology and sustainable development:
innovative programs in Latin America. J. Sustain. Agric.
3: 107-112.

Sustainable Agriculture, weeds, organic matter, selection, breeding, IPM, pests, animals, legumes, green manure, rotation, fallow, intercropping, multiple, policy, economics, mulch

215. Francis, C.A. and I.P. Madden. 1993. Designing the future: sustainable agriculture in the U.S. Agric., Ecosystems, & Environment.
46: 123-134.

Sustainable Agriculture, organic matter, manure, selection, breeding, IPM, pests, animals, legumes, green manure, rotation, fallow, intercropping, multiple, policy, economics, mulch

216. Fujisaka, S., P. Saijse, and R.d. Castillo. 1986. Man, Agriculture, and the Tropical Forest. Winrock Int'l. Institute for Agric. Development, Morrilton, AR. 363 pp.

Philippines, mulch, uplands, mountain agriculture, mulches, terrace construction, mulching, tillage, no-tillage, contour farming, organic matter, composting, green manures, multiple cropping, agroforestry, mulch

217. Fujisaka, S. 1992. Farmer knowledge and sustainability in rice-farming systems: blending science and indigenous innovation In Moock, J.L. and R.E. Rhoades (eds.) 1992. Diversity, Farmer Knowledge and Sustainability. 278 pp. . Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY.

rice, farmer selection, IRRI, green revolution, green manures, soil erosion, mulch

218. Fujisaka, S. 1993. Una mirada pesimista al uso de abonos verdes por los agricultures de Asia. (A pessemistic look at the use of green manures by the farmers of Asia) . pp. 77-83. In: Buckles, D. Gorras y Sombreros: Caminos Hacia la Colaboración entre Technicos y Campesinos. CIMMYT, Mexico D. F.,
farmers in Asia have chosen contour hedgerows and inorganic fertilizer, etc. over green manure crops green manures, cover crops, living barriers, contour hedgerows, alley cropping, Philippines, Asia, mulch

219. Fukuoka, M. 1978. One Straw Revolution, An Introduction to Natural Farming. Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA. 181 pp.

Slash and mulch/mulching/no-tillage/minimum tillage/Japan/Asia

220. Gale, W.J., R.W. McColl, and X. Fang. 1993. Sandy fields traditional farming for water conservation in China. J. Soil and Water Conservation.
48(6): 474-477 pp.

in sandy fields (which sometimes occurs on floodplains of rivers) in low rainfall areas, a layer 5-13 cm of a sand-stone mulch is spread on the fields. Manure is first applied. A fallow/rotation plan is followed. Mulch controls water evaporation. Mulch also retains heat and controls erosion. Plastic is replacing the sand-stone mulch in China. mulches, China, traditional, indigenous knowledge, sand and stone for mulches,

221. Galindo, J.J. 1982. Epidemiology and control of web blight of beans in Costa Rica In . Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell University.
Epidemiology/web blight/fungi/Costa Rica/Central America/Tapado/mulching/minimum tillage/beans/slash/mulch, frijol tapado Rhizoctonia solani, Thanatephorus cucumeris

222. Galindo, J.J., et al. 1982. Characterization of Thanatephorus cucumeris isolates causing web blight of beans in Costa Rica. Turrialba.
32: 447-455.

Minimum tillage/tapado/beans/Costa Rica/Central America/web blight/fungi/mulching Rhizoctonia solani, Thanatephorus cucumeris

223. Galindo, J.J., et al. 1982. 'Tapado', controlling web blight of beans on small farms in Central America. New York's Food and Life Sciences Quarterly.
14(3): 21-25.

Minimum tillage/tapado/beans/Costa Rica/Central America/web blight/fungi/mulching/slash/mulch Rhizoctonia solani, Thanatephorus cucumeris

224. Galindo, J.J., et al. 1983. Effect of mulching on web blight of beans in Costa Rica. Phytopathology.
73: 610-615.

Minimum tillage/tapado/beans/Costa Rica/Central America/web blight/fungi/mulching/slash/mulch Rhizoctonia solani, Thanatephorus cucumeris

225. Galindo, J.J., et al. 1983. Source of inoculum and development of bean web blight in Costa Rica. Plant Disease.
67: 1016-1021.

Minimum tillage/tapado/beans/Costa Rica/Central America/web blight/fungi/mulching/slash/mulch Rhizoctonia solani, Thanatephorus cucumeris

226. Galindo, J.J. 1994. Incidence of web blight of beans grown under the the slash/mulch system in Costa Rica . pp. 101-107. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How Farmers Use It, and What Researchers Know About It. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.,
Incidence of web blight of beans in the the frijol tapado system in Costa Rica,
minimum tillage, tapado, web blight, Rhizoctonia solani, Thanatephorus cucumeris, fungi, beans, mulching, slash/mulch.

227. Gamble, J.F., H.I. Popenoe, and a. Associates. 1967. Phase I. Final Report, Agricultural Ecology In . Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio.
Slash/mulch, Panama, Agricultural Ecology, seen - report Slash/mulch in Panama and Colombia, Choco Engineering Library - BMI - 171-010

228. Garcia, A.G. and N.R. Lawas. 1986. Mulching and intercropping: their effect on soil erosion in the uplands. Research at Los Baños.
5: 18-19.

Mulching, intercropping, soil erosion in the uplands, Philippines

229. Garcia-Espinosa, R. 1987. Importancia de la fitopatologia tropical. In: Colegia de Postgraduados. Taller de Fitopatologia Tropical, 2nd Ed. Chapingo, Mexico, pp. 1-17.

get yields of 4-5 tons/hectare of maize in popal systems while average for Tabasco is 1.2 tons/hectare. Popal system practiced in areas flooded 6-8 months per year and covered with a grass called Popal (Thalia geniculata). Soils anaerobic for 6-8 months. Chapters on diseases of rice, avocado, cacao, coffee, sugar cane, citrus, coconut, viruses of beans, plantains, papaya, pineapple, vanilla, maize. Chinampas, hilling, raised, soils suppressive to Meloidogyne, Pythium, and Rhizoctonia, popal, marceño, grass mulching system,

230. Garcia-Espinosa, R., R.Q. Madrigal, and N.G. Alvarez. 1994. Agroecosystems for sustained maize production in the hot, wet regions of Mexico. . pp. 61-74. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How Farmers Use It, and What Researchers Know About It. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.,
Mexico, productive, sustainable agroecosystems for maize in the hot, humid regions of Mexico, mucuna, velvet bean, minimum tillage, mulching, maize, slash/mulch, cover crops/green manures, mulch

231. García V., D., J.C. Hernández, and A.D.M. . 1997. Los abonos verdes: una alternativa para controlar malezas en el cultivo de maíz. PRIAG. Costa Rica., 44 p.

green manures, maize, weed control, mulch

232. Garrett, S.D. 1960. Biology of Root-infecting Fungi. Cambridge Univ. Press, London. 293 pp.

Shade/biological control/rotations for mulch/mulching/organic matter/organic amendments/crop residues/soil

233. Garrity, D.P., D.M. Kummer, and E.S. Guiang. 1993. The Philippines . pp. 549-624 In: National Research Council 1993. Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 702 pp.,
Philippines, slash/mulch, luecaena (p. 571-579), Gliricidia, grass strips, alley cropping, agroforestry

234. Garrity, D.P. 1993. Sustainable land-use systems for sloping uplands in Southeast Asia . pp. 41-66. In: ASA Special Publication No. 56. Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture in the Tropics. Amer. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI.

"Found that tropical kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides) was successfully established by broadcasting seed in Imperata fallows, and it suppressed the Imperata in less than one year. But the practice was only successful when fire can be excluded." hillsides, Southeast Asia, sustainable agriculture, Philippines, hedgerows, alley cropping, Leucaena , Gliricidia, grass strips, Phosphorus, acid upland soils, erosion, reduced tillage, Imperata grass (cogon, alang-alang), perennial crops, kudzu (p. 56) , mulch (p. 54)

235. Garrity, D.P. and A. Khan. 1994. Alternatives to Slash-and-Burn. A Global Initiative. ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya. 73 pp.

"Slash and burn agriculture (shifting cultivation) accounts for about 50 to 75% of the 17 million hectares of tropical moist forest currently destroyed every year." (p. 2), West Sumatra, Indonesia, Situng, slash/mulch not even mentioned slash and burn, socioeconomic, shifting, tropical forests, deforestation,

236. Gilbert, J.C. 1956. Soil mulches of local material. Hawaii Farm Sci.
4(4): 4-5.

Mulching

237. Giller, K.E. and K.J. Wilson. 1991. Nitrogen fixation in tropical cropping systems. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
nitrogen fixation, legumes, green manures, cover crops, mulch

238. Gliessman, S.R. 1991. Ecological basis of traditional management of wetlands in tropical Mexico: Learning from agroecosystem models . pp. 211-229 In: Oldfield, M.L. and J.B. Alcorn, eds. 1991. Biodiversity. Culture, Conservation, and Ecodevelopment. Westview: Boulder, CO. 349 pp., Boulder, CO.

chinampas, Mexico, sustainable agriculture, traditional knowledge, Tabasco, hilling, raised, mulching, Maya, Marceño, popal, Marceño (siembra de Marzo) in flood-prone regions of Tabasco, Mexico, flooding, (Thalia geniculata L.), mulch system, Chontales Indians, slash/mulch, doblando, maize, flooding, Nacjuca raised beds,

239. Gobierno, M.d. 1982. Colombia Indigena. Ministerio de Gobierno, Bogota. 229 pp.

The "Waunana" Indians use a slash/mulch system in the Choco, p. 61. "Clearings are cut from the bush, which is then left to rot. Later weeds are cleared and the land is planted.", mulching, OLIN ++ F2270 C71

240. Golueke, C.G. 1972. Composting: A Study of the Process and Its Principles. Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA.
Composting: A Study of the Process and Its Principles, organic matter, mulch, organic amendments,

241. Gonzalez M., W. and R.A. V. 1994. An agroeconomic study of frijol tapado in Costa Rica . pp. 263-272. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.
Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How farmers use it, and what researchers know about it. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.

An agroeconomic study of frijol tapado in Costa Rica, economic, minimum tillage, slash/mulch, mulching, beans,

242. Granados A., N. and e. al. 1990. Perdidas de grano por fitopatogenos del suelo en maiz monocultivo y rotado con leguminosas de coberatura en Tabasco, Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Fitopatologia, In Press,
Canavalia spp., Pueraria spp. and Stizolobium spp. reduced the impact of soilborne diseases under rotations. 'Cultural practices, locally evolved, such as the rotation with tropical legumes, allow what seems to be a sustainable corn agroecosystem, with productivity of around 3-4 tons/hectare. organic matter/green manure/rotations/maize/Mexico/Central America/cover crops, mulch

243. Granados Alvarez, N. and R.G. Espinosa. 1992. La rotación nescafe-maíz, un sistema productivo, ecologico, y sostenible, sistema tradicional. Serie Agroecologia Tropical. Folleto Tecnico No. 1. Colegio de Postgraduados. CEICADES., H. Cardenas, Tabasco, Mexico. 32 pp.

La rotación nescafe-maíz, un sistem productivo, ecologico, y sostenible, sistema tradicional. rotation, velvet beans, maize, sustainable traditional system, Mucuna, green manures, organic matter, mulching, organic amendments, slash/mulch, organic matter, Mexico, pests, insects, diseases and insects of velvet bean, Cercospora phaseolicola, Sclerotium rolfsii, doblando maize, cover crops/green manures,

244. Griggs, T. 1995. Soil conservation starts at the grass roots. Partners in Research for Development (ACIAR, Canberra, Australia).
(No. 8, May 1995): 16-21.

"At Kemaman in Malaysia the introduction of legume and grass cover under the cocoa crop reduced annual soil loss by a staggering 90%, from 80 t/ha to a mere 8 t/ha on slopes of 17 and 36%."
"At Los Baños in the Philippines, on mungbean and maize plots with slopes of between 14 and 21%, the planting of hedgerows and the use of hedgeclippings and crop residues as mulch cut annual soil loss from 105 to just 5 t/ha. The clippings also make good quality animal fodder."
Other examples of the effectiveness of cover crops and mulches in reducing erosion are also given. soil conservation, soil erosion, Australia, S. E. Asia, ACIAR, cover crops, legumes, grasses, mulch, mulching pineapples, tie ridges, Phytophthora,

245. Grossman, J. 1993. Fighting insects with living mulches. The IBM Practitioner: the Newsletter of Integrated Pest Management.
15(10): 1-8.

brassica, live mulches, cover crops, insect control, intercropping, multiple cropping, plant competition, interspecific competition

246. Gu, R.S. and Q.X. Wen. Year. Cultivation and Application of Green Manure in Paddy Fields of China. In: A.S. Institute of Soil Science. Symposium on Paddy Soil. Nanjing, China: Springer Verlag.

China/Paddy Soil/Paddy Rice/Organic Fertilizer/Legumes/Green Manures/Reviews/Azolla/Nutrients, Nitrogen, mulch

247. Gutierrez, R., G. Flores, and M.A. Nuñez. Year. Efecto de cobertura de tres especies de Mucuna sobre los redemientos de maiz (Zea mays), suplementado y sin NPKPCCMCA, 16-19 Abril. San Pedro Sula, Honduras: PCCMCA.

Velvet beans, three species of Mucuna, cover crops/green manures,organic matter, mulching, organic amendments, control of weeds in maize in Honduras, fertilizer - NPK, mulch Not seen - Cited in E. Duron

248. Gutierrez, R. Year. Evaluacion de herbicidas para el control de malezas en un sistema de frijol de coberatura en el cultivo de maize.Presentado en la III Semana Cientifica de Investigacion del CURLA-UNAH, 18-23 May, La Ceiba, Honduras. La Ceiba, Honduras: CURLA-UNAH.

Evaluation of herbicides for weed control in frijol de coberatura, maize, green manures, organic matter, mulching, organic amendments, Velvet beans, Mucuna, cover crops/green manures, mulch Not seen - Cited in E. Duron

249. Haarer, A.E. 1962. Modern Coffee Production. Leonard Hill, London. 495 pp.

coffee, mulching, genetics and breeding, shade, diseases, insects, Africa, Asia, history

250. Hall, R. and L.C.B. Nasser. 1996. Practice and precept in cultural management of bean diseases. Canadian J. of Plant Pathology.
18: 176-185.

cultural control, bean diseases, rotation, cover crops, Tagetes, pH, depth, tillage, fallow, clean seed, date of planting, plant archtitecture, spacing, density, multiple cropping, mulch, roguing, irrigation, trap crops, harvest date,

251. Haririah, K. 1992. Aluminum tolerance of Mucuna, a tropical leguminous cover crop. Univ. of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands. 152 pp.

Mucuna moderately Al tolerant, mucuna, velvet bean, aluminum tolerance, green manures, organic matter, mulching, organic amendments, slash/mulch, Java, Indonesia, weeds management, Imperata grass control, cover crops/green manures,

252. Harlan, C. 1912. Farming with Green Manures. Delore Pub., Wilmington, DE.
green manures, cover crops, mulch S661 H3

253. Harris, D.R. 1972. The origins of agriculture in the tropics. American Scientist.
60: 180-193.

Information on cereal mentality, (i.e. bias for seed-culture vs. vegetable culture). "Recent field work I carried out among vegecultural swidden cultivators in the upper Orinoco area of Venezuela (Figs. 4-8) suggests that the ecological contrast between vegeculture and seed-culture may be further enhanced by differences in techniques of clearance and tillage (Harris 1971). Here it was observed that manioc swiddens were customarily cleared and burned very incompletely, the stem-cuttings being planted among tangled and rotting debris (Figs. 1 and 8), whereas maize swiddens were cleared and burned more thoroughly and the seeds planted in open ground. Analysis of soil samples from manioc and maize plots revealed that, whereas in the latter organic carbon showed an expected decrease following clearance and burning, in the former it actually increased. " Slash and burn, fire, heat, tipiti, origin of vegetables, yams, taro, cassava, yuca, slash/mulch

254. Hart, T.G. and M. Kewe. Year. Preliminary results of intercropping trials in Zaire with maize and certain legumes. In: J.H. Monyo, A.D.R. Ker, andM. Campbell. Intercropping in Semi-Arid Areas. IDRC 076e. Report of a Symposium. Ottawa, Canada.: IDRC.

Hilling/organic amendments/green manures/Africa/cover crops, mulch 'Practically without exception, maize farms throughout Zaire are planted on raised beds, about 40-50 cm high with an interbed (interrow) spacing of approximately 1 metre. ..Following harvest, farmers put the current season's maize fodder together with various weeds and other crop residues...in the bottom of furrows between the current season's beds. These furrow bottoms become next year's beds.' (p. 27) Rationale for this practice includes susceptibility of maize to 'wet feet.'

255. Hecht, S.B., ed. 1982. Amazonia: Agriculture and Land Use Research. CIAT Series 03E (82). CIAT: Cali, Colombia. 428 pp.

Amazon/slash and burn/fire/heat/mulching/South America

256. Hesse-Rodríguez, M. 1994. Sembradoras de Esperanza. PROCONDEMA, Choluteca, Honduras. 252 pp.

Honduras, soil erosion, terraces, compost, organic matter, velvetbean, mucuna, rock and grass barrier, agroforestry, soil conservation, crop rotation, cover crops/green manures, mulch

257. Hill, S., ed. 1982. Basic Techniques in Ecological Farming. Birkhuser Verlag: Basel, Switzerland.
Organic matter/mulching/ecology/organic amendments/forestry/compost/fertilizers, S605.5 B32 1982

258. Hiraoka, M. and S. Yamamoto. 1980. Agricultural development in the Upper Amazon of Ecuador. Geographical Review.
70: 423-445.

slash/mulch system are used in both Colombia and Ecuador in the eastern lowlands by almost all new settlers, multiple cropping, polyculture, clear undergrowth such as vines, bushes, and small trees (socola), next place seeds and cuttings under shade of larger trees (plantío), next "when sprouts appear, the remaining vegetation, excepting economically useful types, is removed (tumba). The felled vegetation serves as mulch for the cultivated plants before the decompostion and the release of its minerals. There may be one or two weedings (depending on the intensity of weed growth) before the harvesting of annuals. Colonists practice true polyculture in the slash/mulch system with rice, maize, sweet potatoes, semiperennials - plantains, bananas, yuca, achiote, coffee, cacao, citrus, etc., socio-economic study of settlement patterns Agricultural development/Upper Amazon of Ecuador/mulching/minimum tillage/slash/mulch/colonization OLIN G1 G35

259. Hoitink, H.A.J. and P.C. Fahy. 1986. Basis for the control of soilborne plant pathogens with composts. Annu. Rev. Phytopathology.
24: 93-114.

organic matter/biological control/suppressive soils/mulching/fungi Some composts prepared with tree barks release inhibitors of plant pathogens such as Phytophthora and some nematodes. No effect on Rhizoctonia. Pathogens are usually killed by heat generated in the production of composts

260. Holt-Gimenez, E. and R.P. C. 1994. "Farmer to farmer" - The potential for technology generation and transfer for farmers in Rio San Juan, Nicaragua . pp. 75-84. In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Tapado. Slash/Mulch: How Farmers Use It, and What Researchers Know About It. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.,
Nicaragua, potential of campesinos for the generation and transfer of technology, mucuna, velvet bean, minimum tillage, mulching, maize, slash/mulch, technology transfer, cover crops/green manures, mulch

261. Horowitz, A.J. 1995. Soil Physical Properties Under Continuous Corn and a Corn-Mucuana Rotation on Hillsides in Northern Honduras In . North Carolina State University.
mucuna, velvet bean, slash/mulch, weeds, Honduras, Latin America, green manures, cover crops, hillside farming, organic matter

262. Howard, A. 1943. An Agricultural Testament. Oxford Univ. Press, London. 253 pp.

fertilizer/organic matter/Indore process/manure/green manures/soil erosion/compost/humus, mulch

263. Hoyt, G.D. and W.L. Hargrove. 1986. Legume cover crops for improving crop and soil management in the Southern United States. HortScience.
21(3): 397-402.

legumes, cover crops, soil management, rotation, nitrogen, green manures, soil erosion, organic matter, conservation tillage, minimum tillage, mulch

264. Hoyt, G.D. 1987. Legumes as green manure in conservation tillage. In: Power, J. F. The Role of Legumes in Conservation Tillage Systems. Soil Conservation Soc. of America, Ankeny, Iowa, pp. 96-98.

organic matter/green manures/cover crops/conservation tillage/minimum tillage, mulch Discusses cover crops and predicting nutrients legume cover crops produce

265. Huber, D.M. and R.D. Watson. 1970. Effect of inorganic enrichment on soil-borne plant pathogens. Phytopathology.
60: 22-36.

Pathogens suppressed by mulching. Nitrification correlated to disease severity. soil pathogens/rotations/carbon/nitrogen ratio/flooding

266. Hudelson, J.E. 1987. La cultura quichua de transición: su expansión y desarrollo en el Alto Amazonas. Ediciones Aby a-Yala, Quito, Ecuador. 221 pp.

Ecuador, slash and burn, slash/mulch, tropical forest, Amazon, indigenous knowledge

267. Hue, N.V. and I. Amien. 1989. Aluminum detoxification with green manures. Commun. in Soil Sci. Plant Anal.
20(15 & 16): 1499-1511.

Aluminum detoxification with green manures, cowpeas and luecana, and guinea grass were used in tests in greenhouse, concludes "freshly added organic materials can reduce soluable Al and increase crop yields." organic matter, mulch

268. Humphries, S., J. Garay, and L. Smits. 1994. Landuse in humid tropical hillsides: migrant farmers in the Atlantic littoral area of Northern Honduras In . Centro Internacional para Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Hillsides program.
mucuna, velvet beans, cover crops/green manures, mulch MBA (from Honduras)

269. IIRR. 1992. Soil and Water Conservation Technologies (SWC) and Agroforestry Systems. International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR), Silang, Philippines. 171 pp.

agroforestry, degredation of uplands, alley cropping, in-row-tillage, organic fertilizer, nutrient cyling, contour farming, A frame, composting, green manures, cover crops, gen-gen, mulch

270. IIRR, F.a. 1995. Resource Management for Upland Areas in Southeast Asia. FAO and IRRI, Bangkok, Thailand and Silang, Cavite, Philippines. 207 pp.

upland areas, agroforestry in China, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, soil and water conservation, mulching, terraces, compost, contour tillage, cover crops, grass strips, hedgerows, ridge terraces, slash and burn, farming systems, extension, evaluation, rotation,

271. IITA. 1991. Mucuna. Farmers turn experimenters with a dual-purpose technology . In: IITA Annual Report 1991. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. 64 pp.,
mucuna effective in controlling Imperata cylindrica (speargrass), 500 farmers in Benin tried on-farm research to restore soil fertility, "the results of farmers who had chosen mucuna were dramatic. They recorded, on average, a tenfold increase in maize yield (from 200 to 2,000 kg per hectare), "during the dry season the mucuna would die and form a dry mulch", mucuna restored soil fertility and combated imperata grass. Farmer experimentation, Velvet beans, cover crops/green manures, Mucuna, green manures, organic matter, mulching, organic amendments, slash/mulch, mucuna, organic matter,, mulch

272. Ingels, C., et al. 1994. Selecting the right cover crop gives multiple benefits. California Agriculture.
48(43-48): .

has list of selected characteristics of important cover crops fro California cover crops, green manures, nitrogen, legumes, vetch, cowpea, C/N ratio, grasses, wind and water erosion, organic matter, weed control, sustenance of beneficial insects, biological control, rotation, mulch

273. IRRI. 1984. Organic Matter and Rice. IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines. 631 pp.

Flooding/rice/azolla/organic matter/green manures/algae/night soil, mulch

274. IRRI. 1988. Green manure in rice farming. IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines. 379 pp.

Green manure, rice, Azolla, Crotalaria, flooding, fern, organic matter, mulch S677 R5 G79

275. Isacsson, S.E. 1975. Observations on Choco slash-mulch agriculture: Work diary and dietary of an Embera domestic group in mid-eastern Choco, Colombia. In: Goteborgs Etnografiska Museum. Annual Report for 1975. Göteborg, Germany, pp. 21-45.

Slash/mulch/Embera domestic group/Indians/mid-eastern Choco/Colombia/South America/minimum tillage/tapado/mulching

276. Isacsson, S.-E. 1985. Observations on Choco Slash-Mulch Culture. Work diary and dietary of an Emberá domestic group in mid-eastern Chocó, Colombia. . In: Isacsson, and Carl E. Batt. Anthropological Investigations in Amazonia. Selected Papers. Museum of Anthropology, Univ. of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO. 115 pp.,
slash/mulch, chococito maize, mid-eastern Choco, South America, minimum tillage, tapado, mulching, Atrato river basin, Observations on Choco OLIN +GN4 C69 No. 47

277. Jacks, G.V., W.D. Brind, and R. Smith. 1955. Mulching. Commonwealth Agric. Bur. Tech. Comm. No. 9., Farnham Royal, U.K.
Mulching Mulching

278. Jackson, J. 1993. Los abonos verdes In . CIDICCO.
mucuna, velvet beans, cover crops/green manures, mulch MBA (from Honduras)

279. Jameson, J.D. 1970. Agriculture in Uganda. 2nd ed. ed. Ministry of Agric. and Forestry, Uganda Govt., and Oxford Univ. Press, London.
Multiple cropping/Uganda/East Africa/organic matter/mulching/compost Ganda keep bananas going for 30-50 years without rotations by mulching with compost composed of dead leaves, chopped up stems, thatch from huts, and household refuse.

280. Jimenez S., E. 1978. Comentarios sobre la producción de frijol comun (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) en Costa Rica. Agron. Costarricense.
2: 103-108.

Minimum tillage/tapado/mulching/web blight/Rhizoctonia solani/Thanatephorus cucumeris/fungi/bean/Central America/slash/mulch

281. Jiménez, G. 1985. Levantamiento de malezas en el cultivo del frijol tapado en la zona de Upala. Plits.
3(2): 213-224.

frijol tapado, beans, weeds, slash/mulch

282. Johnston, S.A. and J.K. Springer. 1977. Pepper: Phytophthora blight cultural control test. Results of disease control experiments on ornamentals, vegetable, fruit, field, and forage crops, Rutgers-State Univ. of New Jersey. Plant Pathology Leaflet 104,
"There was a significant decrease in the amount of disease with the ridge culture and black plastic mulch than with flat culture. One month later only the ridge culture had a significant reduction in the amount of pepper blight. Ridge culture did significantly reduce the crown rot phase of pepper blight, but it must be complimented with foliar sprays during the mid-late season to prevent the foliar phase of Phytophthora blight." mulching/hilling/Phytophthora capsici/fungi

283. Kachru, R.P. 1994. Improving agricultural productivity through appropriate technology transfer. Marga.
13(3): 5-34.

Table 4 - Effect of mulching combined with deep tillage on maize yield at Ludhiana (1974-75)
Shallow tillage - 15.6 q/ha
Shallow tillage+mulch - 20.3
Deep tillage - 21.8
Deep tillage + mulch - 25.5 appropriate technology transfer, India, grain storage, irrigation, agricultural machinery, mulch

284. Kamara, C.S. 1986. Mulch-tillage effects on soil loss and soil properties on an Ultisol in the humid tropics. Soil and Tillage Research.
8: 131-144.

Mulch-tillage effects on soil loss and soil properties on an Ultisol in the humid tropics, established runoff plots, mulch reduced soil temperatures and increased soil moisture, mulching, erosion, tillage, tropical soils, runoff

285. Kang, B.T., et al. 1982. Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala Lam. de Witt) prunings as N source for maize (Zea mays L.). Fert. Res.
2: 279-287.

Leucaena, alley cropping, slash/mulch, nitrogen

286. Kang, B.T., G.T. Wilson, and T.L. Lawson. 1984. Alley Cropping. A Stable Alternative to Shifting Cultivation. IRRI, Ibadan. 22 pp.

Alley Cropping. A Stable Alternative to Shifting Cultivation, slash and burn, slash/mulch, IRRI, mulching, organic matter, pruning, shade, Excellent color pictures of alley cropping

287. Kang, B.T. and B. Dugma. 1985. Nitrogen management in alley cropping systems . pp. 269-283. In: Kang, B. T. and J. van der Heide (eds.) Nitrogen management in farming systems in humid and subhumid tropics. Inst. for Soil Fertility and IITA. Haren, The Netherlands. 269-283. In: Kang, B. T. and J. van der Heide (eds.) Nitrogen management in farming systems in humid and subhumid tropics. Inst. for Soil Fertility and IITA. Haren, The Netherlands.,
alley cropping, nitrogen, slash/mulch,

288. Kang, B.T. and L. Reynolds, ed. 1989. Alley cropping in the humid and subhumid tropics. IDRC: . 251 pp.

Alley cropping/green manures, slash/mulch, mulching/organic matter/pruning/shade, mulch

289. Kang, B.T., L. Renoylds, and A.N. Attra-Krah. 1990. Alley farming. Advances in Agronomy.
43: 315-359.

Alley cropping/green manures, slash/mulch, mulching/organic matter/pruning/shade, mulch

290. Kang, B.T., et al. 1991. Agroforestry in Africa's humid tropics. Three success stories. Agroforestry Today.
3(2): 4-6.

pigeonpea is grown with cassava. Pigeonpea leaves are used as mulch after pods harvested. Some planted in mounds (mafuku) system. Cut grass gathered in mounds at 1.2-1.5 m intervals, covered with soil, & burned. Some planted in ridges. Grass burned & ridges built. Raised. Multiple. Intercropping, hilling, fire, burn

291. Kang, B.T. and K. Mulongoy. 1992. Nitrogen contribution of woody legumes in alley cropping systems . pp. 367-375. Mulongoy, K., M. Gueye, and D.S.C. Spencer. (eds.) 1992. Biological Nitrogen Fixation and Sustainability of Tropical Agriculture. Wiley, New York. 488 pp.,
alley cropping, slash/mulch, nitrogen, pruning,

292. Kang, B.T. 1993. Alley cropping: past achievements and future directions. Agroforestry Systems.
23: 141-155.

alley cropping, slash/mulch, soil erosion, weed control, crop yield,

293. Kang, B.T., A.O. Osiname, and A. Larbi. 1996. Alley Farming Research and Development. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. 588 pp.

alley farming, mulch, review

294. Karani, P.K. 1986. Observations on the productivity of matoke (bananas) (Musa spp) under agroforestry at Entebbe, Uganda. Commonw. Forestry Rev.
65: 241-251.

Bananas/agroforestry/multiple cropping/mixed gardens/Uganda/East Africa/shade/Cercospora musae/fungi/mulching/trees

295. Karim, A.B., P.S. Savill, and E.R. Rhodes. 1993. The effects of between-row (alley widths) and within-row spacings of Gliricidia sepium on alley-cropped maize in Sierra Leone. Agroforestry Systems.
24: 81-93.

alley cropping, agroforestry, slash/mulch, Gliricidia

296. Karunairajan, R. 1982. Green manuring in the tropics . In: Hill, Stuart. Basic Technics in Ecological Farming. Birkhuser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland,
Mulching/organic matter/green manures/legumes/cover crops, mulch

297. Kass, D.L. and M.J. H. 1986. Effect of applying prunings of Gliricidia sepium to maize and beans on an oxic dystropept in San Carlos, Costa Rica. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports.
4: 11-12.

"Yields of both crops were greater with 100 kg N/Ha than with prunings. Yields on alley cropping plots (where trees were not pruned) were less than on other plots. In the abscence of N prunings increased the yield of both crops.", mulch mata raton, alley cropping, CATIE,

298. Kass, D. 1987. Alley cropping of annual food crops with woody legumes in Costa Rica J.W. Beer, H.W. Fassbender, andJ. Heuveldop, Editor. pp. 197-208. In: Advances in Agroforestry Research, Turrialba, Costa Rica.

alley cropping, bean, cassava, maize, Gliricidia, Erythrina, mulch

299. Kass, D.L., et al. 1992. Ten years experience with alley farming in Central America . pp. 393-402. In: Kang, B.T., A.O. Osiname, and A. Larbi. 1996. Alley Farming Research and Development. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. 588 pp., Ibadan, Nigeria.

alley farming, Central America, Erythrina, Gliricidia, harvest index, beans, yield stability, mulch

300. Kass, D., B. Bellows, and J.F.A. S. 1993. Comparison of the slash-mulch system with alley cropping . pp. 19- In: Thurston, H. D., M. Smith, G.Abawi, S. Kearl (eds.) Slash/Mulch: How Farmers Use It, and What Researchers Know About It. CIIFAD and CATIE, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.,
Comparison of the slash/mulch system with alley cropping, mulching, agroforestry, minimum tillage, Latin America

301. Kass, D.C.L. 1993. Tree domestication for agroforestry: present status and future directions. Agroforestry Systems.
23: 195-205.

agroforestry, pruning, Erythrina, Gliricidia, multipurpose trees, tropical forests, domestication, ants, natural selection, mulch

302. Kass, D.C.L., et al. 1993. Traditional fallow systems of the Americas. Agroforestry Systems.
23: 207-218.

improved fallows, agroforestry, shifting cultivation, slash and burn, palms, Mimosa, Amazon, Brazil, frijolillo, Senna, soils, multipurpose species, babassu palm, mulch

303. Kass, D.L. 1994. Erythrina species - Pantropical multipurpose tree legumes . pp. 84-95. In: Gutteridge, R.C. and H.M. Shelton. 1994. Forage tree legumes in tropical agriculture. CAB International, Wallingford, England. 389 pp.,
Erythrina species, forage tree legumes, origin, description, agroforestry, shade, live fences, wood, ornamental, 112 species worldwide, mulch

304. Kass, D.C.L., H.D. Thurston, and K. Schlather. 1999. Sustainable mulch-based cropping systems with trees. . In: Buck, L. E., J. P. Lassoie, and E. C. M. Fernandes. Agroforestry in Sustainable Agricultural Systems. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL., Boca Raton, FL.

mulch, agroforestry, tropical, slash and burn, slash and rot, slash/mulch, shade, plantation, homegardens, alley farming, fallows, palms,

305. Katan, J., et al. 1976. Solar heating by polyethelene mulching fo